tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66987632704153333582024-03-16T11:50:46.510-07:00Real Discoveries Blogger.Bible Facts, Bible Proof, Evidence of the Bible, Bible Archaeology, Is the Bible Reliable?, Is Jesus God? , Is the Trinity false?, False Bible translations , False Christ's, False teachers!, False faiths, - Ephesians 5:11 And do not have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather even expose them.
Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.comBlogger443125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-6232605092513681922024-03-04T00:34:00.000-08:002024-03-07T11:21:13.739-08:00A True Church of GOD! <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmBTM5DvT_vJmJJh-b0jx6JyFvHWAA1ubZUr2bCNA3UC8iAVaSTOwK9V8_cuT8v4WkOqWdCKoc3Tgpa85Am5aGDzKAvaezwXQDD1VGYLMyvjIMwEZ3kgULyMJvwpMw1tqYEtbDGt3PfbE_IxL2du2a1sFqAVbmckmFpRfCgfycpZbgsIjHPjX6_XouKKGM/s1392/A%20TRUE%20CHURCH%20OF%20GOD!.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simon Brown." border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="1392" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmBTM5DvT_vJmJJh-b0jx6JyFvHWAA1ubZUr2bCNA3UC8iAVaSTOwK9V8_cuT8v4WkOqWdCKoc3Tgpa85Am5aGDzKAvaezwXQDD1VGYLMyvjIMwEZ3kgULyMJvwpMw1tqYEtbDGt3PfbE_IxL2du2a1sFqAVbmckmFpRfCgfycpZbgsIjHPjX6_XouKKGM/w640-h358/A%20TRUE%20CHURCH%20OF%20GOD!.png" title="A True Church of GOD!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Pastors Simon and Angel.</span></div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Join our church by emailing me at: mrsimonbrown@aol.com</span></div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Join us as we worship the Father in TRUTH and SPIRIT!</span></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-57910244736762110192024-01-29T06:30:00.000-08:002024-01-31T00:06:18.617-08:00Help the POOR, and see what GOD does for you!<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEizR992q-zZR70o9igFku0lJO1tpV4OTmE5f5_5CFKhO1Sj2YiYoujT6vFaByOOj2y9bWhc9u2UUUS7Ubr7EqzVUoivdCTQs82EWQOsVCZ87OqAYeYMus4JCBrSmJs19dq7ZciHNLa7-18t30-0BbRpTBqfO-BEi7f_K5wMqT0iwzf10rmI04thtYd_NA46" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Angel mum." data-original-height="1297" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEizR992q-zZR70o9igFku0lJO1tpV4OTmE5f5_5CFKhO1Sj2YiYoujT6vFaByOOj2y9bWhc9u2UUUS7Ubr7EqzVUoivdCTQs82EWQOsVCZ87OqAYeYMus4JCBrSmJs19dq7ZciHNLa7-18t30-0BbRpTBqfO-BEi7f_K5wMqT0iwzf10rmI04thtYd_NA46=w533-h640" title="Help the POOR, and see what GOD does for you!" width="533" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How many of you are complaining you can't pay your bills?</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How many of you haven't got enough food?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How many complain about the cost of living rising and never ending?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Then think about giving to the poor, and GOD will give to you much more, and you will overcome the rising cost of living, because GOD sees your kind heart, and that you care for others, and so GOD will care for you!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Don't listen to the unbelievers who don't know God, and who say DON'T SEND MONEY TO THE POOR.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Also DONT listen to some of the RICH people, who get richer, by being tighter. They have had their reward, and cant take their money with them when they die, </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Contrary, to the fact that when we bless others, GOD blesses us with REWARDS that do last forever.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">It's quite odd how there are some Christians who tell me NOT to send money to POOR people who are abroad, contrary, to what GOD and Christ actually taught!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I would like to know what Bible these people read.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Look at what my little £25 did for Angel's mother, who was ill!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, the more money I send to the poor abroad, the richer I become.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I have never been so well-off for over 22 years now. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">BLESS MY FATHER who art in heaven, through Christ!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Just as the Word of God tells us, to give and help the poor, and see what God does for you.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The amount of unbelievers mocking me because I send money to my girlfriends poor family, and yet they can't pay their bills, while I have never been so well off for 22 years, and now I am ordering a lovely new land cruiser, all because God is blessing me so much in every possible way, just as the bible tells us:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus told his followers to give to everyone who asks (Luke 6:30), to give to those who can't repay (Luke 14:13 – 14) and to freely give what we have freely received (Matthew 10:8). Paul established the principle that what we reap is a reflection of what we sow (2 Corinthians 9:6).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, the Word of God is full of teachings about how we must help the poor instead of looking down on them as many I know.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">You must each decide in your heart how much to give. And don’t give reluctantly or in response to pressure. “For God loves a person who gives cheerfully.” 2 Corinthians 9:7</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Give to those who ask, and don’t turn away from those who want to borrow. Matthew 5:42</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The generous will prosper; those who refresh others will themselves be refreshed. Proverbs 11:25. 3. “What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food, and one of you says to them, ‘Go in peace, be warmed and filled,’ without giving them the things needed for the body, what good is that? So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead. But someone will say, ‘You have faith and I have works.’ Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works.” – James 2:14-26</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Try it yourself, and don't listen to people who don't know the word of GOD, but listen to GOD and His Christ, and see what they can do for you!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I find the more people who complain to me because I help the poor, I want to help the poor more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I am Simon Brown.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">May GOD bless you!</span></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-25797980102899640452023-10-09T04:35:00.013-07:002023-10-11T00:14:49.690-07:00Special Announcement?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrmHHjnT4vuMy3YFPfuJJqtr6q2NGhIGKukE0f_4dbV0oTMgAP2jcqtgXySi9mLpewAoBxysPkHafuB9UFHotSIDafJObDesYm6WzoAMTPSSyoz1tnDqbJ-l4-vL6OGQj3xjNQi02A4HGUq_-0f8kKcmLMs_W6LWEqyaQpKPeLpz3rntWt73mKyUNHO5w/s813/Simon%20and%20Emm.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simon and Emma Brown" border="0" data-original-height="776" data-original-width="813" height="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLrmHHjnT4vuMy3YFPfuJJqtr6q2NGhIGKukE0f_4dbV0oTMgAP2jcqtgXySi9mLpewAoBxysPkHafuB9UFHotSIDafJObDesYm6WzoAMTPSSyoz1tnDqbJ-l4-vL6OGQj3xjNQi02A4HGUq_-0f8kKcmLMs_W6LWEqyaQpKPeLpz3rntWt73mKyUNHO5w/w640-h610/Simon%20and%20Emm.png" title="Simon and Emma Brown" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Special Announcement?</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="outline: none;">Dear friends, what I sadly thought would never happen, has now happened.</span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I am receiving many phone calls from friends, saying is it true?</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And so, as Emma has been telling people, I think it's time for me to tell you also.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I would like to inform you of our sad SEPARATION.<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Due to Emma's desire and will, Emma and I have been SEPARATED now, after me taking her to her family's party, on the 5th of August 2023.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">It was then and there, when it all started, when I received a terrible SHOCK, where Emma had much too much to drink, and from there she told me how she did not love me anymore, as she says, because I put God before her.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">After that, it was not the same reason, but a different reason every day, from Emma saying and changing her mind to why she wanted to leave me and get divorced, </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yes, at the beginning I was not a perfect husband, but in the last 15 years when I found my faith in God, I dramatically changed, and I was always honest, and confessing to Emma if I ever did wrong, holding back NO secrets whatsoever.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact Emma always use to say, I was her rock, and how she could never start all over again.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Even though, at the beginning of our marriage, Emma was certainly no angel, but I am not here to put her down.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">That's up to Emma if she wants to tell you the truth.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But as Emma <span style="outline: none;">loved me with all her heart, I denied myself, <span style="outline: none;">bending over backwards to </span></span>support her and her mother, and Lauren, travelling hundreds of miles every week, taking Emma and her mother and Lauren to Hospitals for 15 years now, and humbling myself, to show Emma and her family unconditional love and support.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, a week before Emma's mother died in our home, she held my hand, and said to me, Simon, please promise me to look after my daughter Emma.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How I would love to see Emma's mum again and say, I am proud, as I did it, what I never knew I could do!</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I never left Emma, but she left me.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I learnt to accept Emma for refusing to let me be the boss, and let me control the finances, so I could insure our future.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I built with my own hands a home Emma so loved, and was so grateful for.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Only now to discover Emma now hates me and our lovely home, and tells me she will never want to come back ever again, and that she would rather live rough, even though I was willing to forgive her for what she had done, from how a deadly kiss with another man, turned her against me.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I am still wondering when I turned the other cheek, as I did for 15 years, if this was a good idea.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, I now believe how this is all Gods will, who hates divorces, but who already knew what was going on.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And maybe God said enough was enough, that Emma didn't just lie to me, but to God as well.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact this is a last days prophecy, 1 Timothy 4:1 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But the Spirit expressly states that in later times some will depart from the faith, giving heed to deceitful spirits and teachings of demons.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Emma is now moving out of our home at the end of this month, and is starting a new life.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yes, my heart cries, as I still love her, and pray for God's blessings over her.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">You can read this on my facebook here </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068253125884">https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068253125884</a></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Simon Brown.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwsM1CgaO16BO9FyY7crXwfR28B_w0BJGWYY9qjZAo-7RjrytG0NQPATlLVLESRPikfBtN49rSgGpBbV-HKDTOH-ppp5LJj1FUCGwUQmLw5nXsbedirWZ5tCpWMx6eUyNs9Ol76Nql3dEN9PRxccbRHE7ZUjj4YWDXA1J0PWyc50rJJbOTR9tVyGYkOB8h/s701/Simon%20abd%20Emma.%20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simon and Emma Brown" border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="526" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwsM1CgaO16BO9FyY7crXwfR28B_w0BJGWYY9qjZAo-7RjrytG0NQPATlLVLESRPikfBtN49rSgGpBbV-HKDTOH-ppp5LJj1FUCGwUQmLw5nXsbedirWZ5tCpWMx6eUyNs9Ol76Nql3dEN9PRxccbRHE7ZUjj4YWDXA1J0PWyc50rJJbOTR9tVyGYkOB8h/w480-h640/Simon%20abd%20Emma.%20.jpg" title="Simon and Emma Brown" width="480" /></a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; outline: none; text-align: left;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Romans 8:28</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And we know that God works together all things for good to those loving God, to those being called according to His purpose,</span></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Luke 8:17</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For nothing is hidden which will not become manifest, nor secret which shall not be known and come to light.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Matthew 10:26</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">So do not be afraid of them. For there is nothing concealed that will not be disclosed, and nothing hidden that will not be made known.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mark 4:22</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For there is nothing hidden that will not be disclosed, and nothing concealed that will not be brought to light.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Luke 12:2</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">There is nothing concealed that will not be disclosed, and nothing hidden that will not be made known.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-85783416760352579332023-09-12T04:30:00.007-07:002023-09-16T10:52:43.995-07:00Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2z27WBlN6OSbmh_GNx4VPoj031iRy51Wrz9qSwGuomyfySlO4ULuDUIhC3NrFSp7IVaK0d6iUBYHyEpom-TXWW6ulFPBwJHiibRvJYH4cP1BDxKh8lxlWzQRFCQOutDUD6vbWY_PpENeOY7oXJUNZugZzXZXphCVUOZBE8IWN42aYgCWuQfMTAMEOHrPt/s1371/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218.%20As%20Jesus%20is%20Good%20Is%20Jesus%20GOD%EF%80%A5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1371" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2z27WBlN6OSbmh_GNx4VPoj031iRy51Wrz9qSwGuomyfySlO4ULuDUIhC3NrFSp7IVaK0d6iUBYHyEpom-TXWW6ulFPBwJHiibRvJYH4cP1BDxKh8lxlWzQRFCQOutDUD6vbWY_PpENeOY7oXJUNZugZzXZXphCVUOZBE8IWN42aYgCWuQfMTAMEOHrPt/w640-h358/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218.%20As%20Jesus%20is%20Good%20Is%20Jesus%20GOD%EF%80%A5.png" title="Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?" width="640" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Here is a scripture that many believe proves Jesus is GOD.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_dcCe0j5gBPDS_ls4PuHxT2P63TpymWf99SKN3FcZyhKOiXGpykLZEze9UTTvc0eM6rPy6qkw3Yz9o-3Sm-rCJMPnkwQ-Zl7V5_bApNtk1hgPluxymzFhp4WnLhHubzN3HxndLkX5kyWBd0LBAhLCwXWRN3QPLI4MFirRALqm0ORwQxEtRrfnfOtDWXp/s1135/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20translations..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mark 10:18" border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="1135" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_dcCe0j5gBPDS_ls4PuHxT2P63TpymWf99SKN3FcZyhKOiXGpykLZEze9UTTvc0eM6rPy6qkw3Yz9o-3Sm-rCJMPnkwQ-Zl7V5_bApNtk1hgPluxymzFhp4WnLhHubzN3HxndLkX5kyWBd0LBAhLCwXWRN3QPLI4MFirRALqm0ORwQxEtRrfnfOtDWXp/w640-h432/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20translations..png" title="Mark 10:18" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let's also have a look at a comment I received below:</span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Mark 10:18 Jesus says that there is none good but God. This is in response to someone who comes up to Him asking a question, calling Him "good teacher." Jesus responds by saying "Why do you call me good? Only God is good!" There have been several people, including some Jews, who have said this verse shows Jesus is not God. However, what they fail to realize that Jesus acknowledges Himself as good. In John 10:11 Jesus acknowledges that He is the good shepherd. According to Mark 10:18 this makes Him God. If the JW's can show a verse calling anyone good who is not God, I will show you a contradiction. People in the Bible have been called "righteous" or "perfect", but this is implied with forgiveness from God. Can the JW's show me any verse saying that anyone who is not God is "good?" Using that word? I make a gentleman's friendly wager that they can't. I defy any JW reading this to show me a verse calling anyone who isn't God "good!" The thing that most JW's fail to acknowledge is that Jesus is called "good" using that very word.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Now I have done my own research to see HOW and WHY many Christians seem to believe Mark 10:18 proves Jesus is GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Lets have a closer LOOK at Mark 10:18.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqflQy0p9YAlBoELGT9Saii_sg0N419ZC_ROpVkbUauM73JXlds6P28c9JkNengnW6wweauF47HKFo8C226YUtzqf8avOkA3jIaWd2GNRmsdgkJU_qdIIKdTSx4ct90YueMwvIiaB8Vtw42ZT5q2THOXyqEG_KBslW1IX2BY7HuwtbnI3MAAYjb2QYylx/s1135/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20translations.%20copy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mark 10:18. GOD ALONE!" border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="1135" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQqflQy0p9YAlBoELGT9Saii_sg0N419ZC_ROpVkbUauM73JXlds6P28c9JkNengnW6wweauF47HKFo8C226YUtzqf8avOkA3jIaWd2GNRmsdgkJU_qdIIKdTSx4ct90YueMwvIiaB8Vtw42ZT5q2THOXyqEG_KBslW1IX2BY7HuwtbnI3MAAYjb2QYylx/w640-h432/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20translations.%20copy.png" title="Mark 10:18. GOD ALONE!" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">👇</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">And Jesus said to him, "Why do you call Me good? No one is good, 👉except God alone.</span>👈</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Did you see what I saw here 👉<span style="color: red;">except God alone.</span>👈</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The Greek word for<span style="color: red;"> ALONE</span> tells us in the Strong's Concordance means:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">heis: <span style="color: red;">ONE</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Original Word:<span style="color: red;"> εἷς, μία, ἕν</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Part of Speech: Adjective</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Transliteration: he is</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Phonetic Spelling: (hice)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Definition: <span style="color: red;">ONE.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Usage: <span style="color: red;">ONE.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjqrX7GH66IK0qCRQAI_FbFXoxmo8LOBhDtxGRr1rBvdfvod0ObTMZJ0uf7fBYPNM0injDVpvW9yxOqTVClIJTliaUSMjM0FmnBO1Ks1GDcbVONFubPh1G824hWtwV8B5eyuWRFVR0W7SdYJ3CmHKsIAJkKziZsDwSgZZomEbafE4PWmdgRlmft_G308e/s1257/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20copy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mark 10:18 Greek text" border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1257" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjqrX7GH66IK0qCRQAI_FbFXoxmo8LOBhDtxGRr1rBvdfvod0ObTMZJ0uf7fBYPNM0injDVpvW9yxOqTVClIJTliaUSMjM0FmnBO1Ks1GDcbVONFubPh1G824hWtwV8B5eyuWRFVR0W7SdYJ3CmHKsIAJkKziZsDwSgZZomEbafE4PWmdgRlmft_G308e/w640-h404/Mark%2010%EF%80%A218%20copy.png" title="Mark 10:18 Greek text. GOD is GOD ALONE," width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">So here in Mark 10:18 Jesus is confirming how His Father GOD is <b><u>The ONLY One True GOD ALONE by Himself, </u></b>and Jesus is excluding Himself from being GOD by Jesus saying 👉<span style="color: red;">except God alone.</span>👈</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">To be ALONE, means to be <span style="color: red;">ONE</span> being, <span style="color: red;">ONE PERSON,</span> <u>by yourself, on your own</u>, which is not difficult to understand, for those who have eyes to see and ears to hear as Jesus said!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">What Jesus tells us here in Mark 10:18 confirms with countless other teachings throughout the whole Bible including what Jesus tells us in places like John 17:3 </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Now this is eternal life, that they may know <u><b>You, the only true God,</b></u> and Jesus Christ, whom You have sent.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">As we have also seen, there is nothing whatsoever saying GOD is TWO or THREE persons called the Trinity!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">May I now leave you with our brother Kel from the Trinity Delusion.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/mark10_18.html">By our brother Kel at Trinity Delusion </a></span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Conclusion👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Jesus clearly denies he is God here in this verse by insisting only God is good. Since there is only one God, his God, Jesus was necessarily referring to HIS God. Being addressed as "GOOD Teacher," Jesus responds that no one is GOOD but God alone. He is responding to being called "Good TEACHER." Hence, the subject matter is not moral goodness but his good teaching. Jesus tells us many times his words and his teaching were not his own but the Father's who sent him. By contrasting himself with God, and by saying no one is good but God alone with respect to his teachings, Jesus was denying that he is God.</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">It is written in the prophets, "And they shall all be taught by God."</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Everyone who has heard and learned from the Father, comes to me.</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">John 6:45</span></p><p><a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/mark10_18.html"><span style="font-size: large;">FULL ARTICLE by </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">our brother Kel from the Trinity Delusion.</span></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/-IRPkjw0gZk?si=px8xiuEwsdk6aAY9" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="You Tube. Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="1176" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAewVBHAgbMkHfLpJwTQtUs6n9mE35KyBaHUYoFLEBTLnvF-5iXW7RJLrtVYP_ccP_pZ0jVAxq3VKf9W_5h6PWrIv4Bl-n3mPFR6vrdDIP8aUtDtnwmRDNeuyCMOInlKqfY0491C4oE0QQk4wBpQsICNWmSNSG2NmAssD8nNrL-REFVPBxuWiffu2oYM3L/w640-h448/Mark%2010:18.%20As%20Jesus%20is%20Good%20Is%20Jesus%20GOD..png" title="You Tube. Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://youtu.be/-IRPkjw0gZk?si=px8xiuEwsdk6aAY9">Watch Video on YOUTUBE and have your say!</a></span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-85150846073803928692023-08-31T08:20:00.236-07:002023-12-25T05:24:40.801-08:00INDEX! <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInVV5pGnx-S8mfNVnw4zceTwhBKikyF6kFZc-nv2dH3hsLdWVtBrA2WdAKaAFvi3EDKBMkSVjLodMelybmphs6MgL4vTYKVignIKhdOyFKBEj-SRza2cpuOnFtWbsb8Ei-8_pDIpnS4b84LrcwdoMkni7LDZ1TTBVCM2Mwm1Z54wnW5XsTyzun1SbinCP/s1386/INDEX!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Index https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com" border="0" data-original-height="776" data-original-width="1386" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhInVV5pGnx-S8mfNVnw4zceTwhBKikyF6kFZc-nv2dH3hsLdWVtBrA2WdAKaAFvi3EDKBMkSVjLodMelybmphs6MgL4vTYKVignIKhdOyFKBEj-SRza2cpuOnFtWbsb8Ei-8_pDIpnS4b84LrcwdoMkni7LDZ1TTBVCM2Mwm1Z54wnW5XsTyzun1SbinCP/w640-h358/INDEX!.png" title="Index https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com" width="640" /></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QQb9iAths1w/Wq53fXNKOnI/AAAAAAAAF6I/6YVYaB7OZvg7kTiiHCNIbeC3iYtgocx9ACLcBGAs/s734/100%2527s%2Bof%2BBible%2BDiscoveries%252C%2Bwritten%2Bby%2BSimon%2BBrown.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries. Page 1." border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="734" height="104" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QQb9iAths1w/Wq53fXNKOnI/AAAAAAAAF6I/6YVYaB7OZvg7kTiiHCNIbeC3iYtgocx9ACLcBGAs/w640-h104/100%2527s%2Bof%2BBible%2BDiscoveries%252C%2Bwritten%2Bby%2BSimon%2BBrown.gif" title="Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries. Page 1." width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries. Page 1.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_18.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 2.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_19.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 3.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_20.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 4.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_21.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 5.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_22.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 6.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible_23.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 7.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/quick-read-and-fast-facts-to-bible.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Quick Read and Fast Facts To Bible Discoveries Page 8.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">BIBLE DISCOVERIES:</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TNWrAbWfk30/VNkMu98uj0I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/oBe7H2C4nKg/s1280/BIBLICAL%2BARCHAEOLOGY%2BCONFIRMS%2BBIBLE%2BCBN%2BNEWS..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TNWrAbWfk30/VNkMu98uj0I/AAAAAAAAAeQ/oBe7H2C4nKg/s320/BIBLICAL%2BARCHAEOLOGY%2BCONFIRMS%2BBIBLE%2BCBN%2BNEWS..jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-archaeology-confirms-bible-cbn.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONFIRMS BIBLE CBN NEWS.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-lachish-letters-or-lachish-ostrak.html">The Lachish Letters or Lachish Ostrak or Ostracon Reveals The Name of GOD.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/10/www.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="NEW DISCOVERY - BONES FOUND COULD BE THOSE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O0Qxg9GW1-M/VMN4hG-BNdI/AAAAAAAAASk/1l0bQEfAmjg/w320-h213/John%2Bthe%2Bbaptist%2Bbones..png" title="NEW DISCOVERY - BONES FOUND COULD BE THOSE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/10/www.html">NEW DISCOVERY - BONES FOUND COULD BE THOSE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/st-lots-cave-as-told-in-genesis-1930.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">St Lot's Cave. As told in Genesis 19:30.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/cylinder-of-nabonidus-as-told-in-daniel.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Cylinder of Nabonidus. As told in Daniel 5:1.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-discovered-jellyfish-that-destroys.html"></a><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/cbn-news-evidence-of-bible-exodus-film.html">CBN NEWS EVIDENCE OF BIBLE EXODUS FILM TRAILER.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-discovered-jellyfish-that-destroys.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The DISCOVERY of Giants at the Nevada caves and inscription of Giant Goliath. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/in-canadian-rockies-major-fossil-find.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In the Canadian Rockies, a Major Fossil Find Intensifies the Object of Darwin's Doubt.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-discovered-jellyfish-that-destroys.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The discovered Jellyfish that destroys Evolution.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/researchers-confirm-sodom-and-gomorrah.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Researchers (confirm) SODOM AND GOMORRAH are NOT on the Jordan side.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/exciting-archaeological-find-high.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Exciting Archaeological Find - High Priests Golden Bell.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-are-ica-stones-and-images.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">WHAT ARE THE ICA STONES AND IMAGES?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/discovery-of-hybrid-man-and-giant-horse.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DISCOVERY OF HYBRID MAN AND GIANT HORSE.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/caution-be-on-your-guard-for-bible.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(CAUTION) Be on your ''GUARD'' for Bible Discovery ''HOAXES.''</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-dead-sea-scrolls.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/st-lots-cave-as-told-in-genesis-1930.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">St Lot's Cave. As told in Genesis 19:30.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-house-of-david-inscription-or-tel.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE HOUSE OF DAVID INSCRIPTION. Or, Tel Dan Stele. The Tel Dan inscription.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/pontius-pilate-roman-coins-discovered.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Pontius Pilate Roman Coins Discovered.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-astartu-relief-bible-archaeology-at.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Astartu Relief. Bible Archaeology At it’s Best. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/moses-exodus-bible-discovery-of-amarna.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MOSES EXODUS BIBLE DISCOVERY OF Amarna letters.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-joseph-stone-or-stele-of-famine-or.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Joseph stone or Stele of the famine or Famine Stela.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/archaeological-evidence-of-gallio-who.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Archaeological evidence of Gallio who tried and judged St Paul as told in Acts 18:12.</span></a></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/taylor-and-sennacherib-prisms-as-told.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Taylor and Sennacherib Prisms. As told in 2 Kings 18:17, 2 Chronicles 32:9, and Isaiah chapters 33.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/join-us-as-we-walk-through-bible-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Join us as we walk through the Bible and discover God's 'BURIED TREASURES' in episode 1.</span></a></div></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/06/evidence-confirms-jesus-crucifixion.html">Evidence confirms Jesus crucifixion outside the Bible: The Babylonian Talmud.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/amazing-discovery-extraordinary.html">AMAZING DISCOVERY. Extraordinary openings from the earth into another dimension.</a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/join-me-simon-brown-as-we-walk-through.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Join me Simon Brown as we walk through the Bible.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-british-museum-has-many-clay.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The British Museum has many clay tablets proving the BIBLE.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/08/new-excavation-by-christian-team.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">New excavation by a Christian team uncovers intriguing finds at the site where Bible says the tabernacle and Ark rested for almost 400 years.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/08/new-bible-discoveries-with-depictions.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">New Bible discoveries with depictions of the biblical Jonah and the whale and prominent biblical scenes, of Noah’s ark, and the splitting of the Red Sea.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/biblical-archaeology-and-doubting-thomas.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Archaeology and Doubting Thomas.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/has-staff-or-rod-of-moses-been.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Has The Staff, or Rod of Moses been discovered?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/09/bible-prophecies-fulfilled-and-still.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Bible Prophecies Fulfilled, and STILL Being Fulfilled Proving We Are In The End Times.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rv1I6PEKOHA/Wf2R7L_v7oI/AAAAAAAAE5M/-s6LF2B_9SYCXslwCE4BlnxbK_GChqEHwCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/20171009_110310.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rv1I6PEKOHA/Wf2R7L_v7oI/AAAAAAAAE5M/-s6LF2B_9SYCXslwCE4BlnxbK_GChqEHwCK4BGAYYCw/s320/20171009_110310.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-british-museum-has-many-clay.html">The British Museum has many clay tablets proving the BIBLE.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Through-British-Museum-Bible-Travel/dp/1846253160/ref=pd_sim_14_2?ie=UTF8&refRID=1PF9EKX2HQK6JGHAVXJD" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Through the British Museum with the Bible Third edition" border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="274" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zEzgjIwPRFw/Vg7WGnzuA7I/AAAAAAAAB3c/_UtZCoGv5ww/w176-h320/51leWnR2RhL._SX272_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" title="Through the British Museum with the Bible Third edition" width="176" /></a></div><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Through-British-Museum-Bible-Travel/dp/1846253160/ref=pd_sim_14_2?ie=UTF8&refRID=1PF9EKX2HQK6JGHAVXJD">Through the British Museum with the Bible Third edition (Day One Travel Guide)</a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/ARCHAEOLOGY-BOOK-THE-Wonders-Creation/dp/0890515735/ref=pd_sim_14_8?ie=UTF8&refRID=0Q0XJC45790W86JZKJQ7"><img alt="The Archaeology Book (Wonders of Creation) Hardcover – Illustrated, 1 Mar. 2010" border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="361" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9Vdv-TEy_58/Vg7iuxC6uLI/AAAAAAAAB34/TRZJUopenZo/w232-h320/51gP88snsmL._SX359_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" title="The Archaeology Book (Wonders of Creation) Hardcover – Illustrated, 1 Mar. 2010" width="232" /></a></span></div><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/ARCHAEOLOGY-BOOK-THE-Wonders-Creation/dp/0890515735/ref=pd_sim_14_8?ie=UTF8&refRID=0Q0XJC45790W86JZKJQ7"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Archaeology Book (Wonders of Creation) Hardcover – Illustrated, 1 Mar. 2010</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Evidence-Bible-Clive-Anderson/dp/1846254167/ref=pd_bxgy_14_img_y" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Evidence for the Bible." border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="233" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-REY61N2xUA8/Vg7hUuhGfWI/AAAAAAAAB3s/fUSYk1LrvjA/w257-h320/61GnSUhT%252BvL._SX400_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" title="Evidence for the Bible." width="257" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Evidence-Bible-Clive-Anderson/dp/1846254167/ref=pd_bxgy_14_img_y">Evidence for the Bible Hardcover – 28 Oct. 2013</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVcUQsQDTrkJ-GQ1ILeWVIXs-r28XDsjInrBgZdCKc3G9nYQL5kFTtnDohyMZwuT9TDKKq2JPUUzmiBVlhBDSc17MAR9TbSVg0VL1hxtolV6xADY8MFXtPONYIqa26Lfj2ZmtiBiU-3f7B/s367/The+Flood+Tablets..gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="367" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVcUQsQDTrkJ-GQ1ILeWVIXs-r28XDsjInrBgZdCKc3G9nYQL5kFTtnDohyMZwuT9TDKKq2JPUUzmiBVlhBDSc17MAR9TbSVg0VL1hxtolV6xADY8MFXtPONYIqa26Lfj2ZmtiBiU-3f7B/s320/The+Flood+Tablets..gif" width="320" /></span></a></div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-flood-tablets.html?zx=69bdd9dec6d6b239"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">HERE WE HAVE ABSOLUTELY ROCK SOLID EVIDENCE OF THE GREAT FLOOD IMPRINTED ON SOLID CLAY, CALLED THE FLOOD TABLETS:</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/evidence-suggests-biblical-great-flood-noahs-time-happened/story?id=17884533" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Evidence Noah's Biblical Flood Happened, Says Robert Ballard" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BGNNG7AInkk/VlAw6lr4VYI/AAAAAAAACAc/GBQSo8FUupk/w320-h180/abc_Noahs_Ark_Dordrecht_kb_121206_wmain.jpg" title="Evidence Noah's Biblical Flood Happened, Says Robert Ballard" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/evidence-noahs-biblical-flood-happened.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Evidence Noah's Biblical Flood Happened, Says Robert Ballard.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/noahs-ark-noahs-ark-doubts-discoveries.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">NOAH'S ARK NOAH'S ARK – DOUBTS, DISCOVERIES AND DEBATE.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><b><u><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MAJOR DISCOVERY THE GREAT STONE TO THE TRUE TOMB OF JESUS!</span></u></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/10/my-story-and-further-evidence-of-great.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="My story and Further Evidence of the Great Stone at Mount Nebo called The Abu Badd stone. MAJOR DISCOVERY PROVING THE GOSPELS." border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1186" height="236" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x0zi45f3NFA/WLh_gbLV_jI/AAAAAAAADZA/tVW5EzBn-5EsR_YQKAWQYGHzz5teAybQwCLcB/w400-h236/Screen%2BShot%2B2017-03-02%2Bat%2B20.21.34.png" title="My story and Further Evidence of the Great Stone at Mount Nebo called The Abu Badd stone. MAJOR DISCOVERY PROVING THE GOSPELS." width="400" /></span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/10/my-story-and-further-evidence-of-great.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">My story and Further Evidence of the Great Stone at Mount Nebo called The Abu Badd stone.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2012/10/my-story-and-further-evidence-of-great.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> MAJOR DISCOVERY PROVING THE GOSPELS.</span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/interesting-comment-by-dr-howard-davis.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Interesting Comment by Dr. Howard Davis, On The GREAT Stone of Mark 16:4, From The Tomb of Jesus.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/new-research-by-others-confirm-great.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">New research by others confirm the GREAT STONE of Mark 16:4, at Mount Nebo.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-true-tomb-of-jesus-and-great-stone.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The True Tomb of Jesus and The GREAT STONE.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/02/this-jesus-is-stone-that-was-rejected.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This Jesus is the STONE that was rejected by you, Acts 4:11.</span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ydsOROqpHOU/VN8_WV6a0gI/AAAAAAAAAhg/3WskxZtGgk80wgUJKyy9ajiRabQquIsSQCPcBGAYYCw/s640/Is%2Bthe%2BGarden%2BTomb%252C%2Bthe%2BTomb%2Bof%2BJesus%253F.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="The Garden tomb of Jesus." border="0" data-original-height="157" data-original-width="640" height="158" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ydsOROqpHOU/VN8_WV6a0gI/AAAAAAAAAhg/3WskxZtGgk80wgUJKyy9ajiRabQquIsSQCPcBGAYYCw/w640-h158/Is%2Bthe%2BGarden%2BTomb%252C%2Bthe%2BTomb%2Bof%2BJesus%253F.gif" title="Is the Garden Tomb, the Tomb of Jesus?" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/08/great-research-and-article-by-true-ott.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Great research and article By A. True Ott, PhD. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher vs. The Garden Tomb.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-garden-tomb-shroud-are-linked.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE GARDEN TOMB & THE SHROUD ARE LINKED.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/what-stone-is-great-stone-and-correct.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">WHAT STONE IS THE 'GREAT STONE' AND CORRECT SIZE TO THE GARDEN TOMB OF JESUS? Part 1 of 3.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/new-evidence-of-great-stone-mark-164.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">NEW EVIDENCE OF THE GREAT STONE MARK 16:4.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/our-search-for-tomb-of-jesus-book-by.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Our Search for the Tomb of Jesus BOOK. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/01/our-search-for-tomb-of-jesus-great.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Our Search For The Tomb of Jesus - The Great Stone Video Soon To Hit 100,000 Views</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Search-Tomb-Jesus-Simon-Brown/dp/1489563296/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1422053213&sr=1-1&keywords=Our+Search+for+the+Tomb+of+Jesus" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Our Search for the Tomb of Jesus Paperback" border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="147" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_Iuy2vX7XJ0/VMLXa8R60nI/AAAAAAAAASM/eYPtX8nlMlk/w214-h320/Our%2BSearch%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BTomb%2Bof%2BJesus%2Bbook..jpg" title="Our Search for the Tomb of Jesus Paperback" width="214" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LtyctDefCPQ/WrTSB3YOtSI/AAAAAAAAGE0/gtHWaihzBZYunWtJ2ispff3QRyPY_PFMwCLcBGAs/s1280/Was%2BJesus%2BCRUCIFIED%252C%2BRAISED%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BDEAD%252C%2Band%2BWHY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LtyctDefCPQ/WrTSB3YOtSI/AAAAAAAAGE0/gtHWaihzBZYunWtJ2ispff3QRyPY_PFMwCLcBGAs/s320/Was%2BJesus%2BCRUCIFIED%252C%2BRAISED%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BDEAD%252C%2Band%2BWHY.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/03/was-jesus-crucified-raised-from-dead.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Was Jesus CRUCIFIED, RAISED from the DEAD, and WHY?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/04/where-was-jesus-crucified.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">WHERE was Jesus Crucified?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/04/see-archaeological-evidence-of.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SEE The Archaeological Evidence of The Crucifixion and Resurrection Site of Jesus.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/is-there-evidence-that-proves-and.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Is There Evidence That Proves and Supports God and His Bible?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Accuracy.</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-accuracy-isaiah-4022-flat-earth.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1T5FJN29_tIlLbmjj1m9evQznGKVDmxJ01Ix0dDFD7LI1O-KdfGFlHm15_zxtb0NsajMOLtw6BjXzdcUomCDR9-egl9LjTZVA330jfbHQsYzc5BeregwnwmQgZvztnB1lh3OKP034x_uO/s320/+++Biblical+Accuracy.+The+Flat+earth..png" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-accuracy-isaiah-4022-flat-earth.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Accuracy. Isaiah 40:22. Flat earth.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/deuteronomy-2312-biblical-accuracy.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Deuteronomy 23:12. Biblical Accuracy.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/leviticus-1513-biblical-accuracy.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Leviticus 15:13 Biblical Accuracy Dealing with diseases.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-accuracy-gravity-by-simon-brown.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Accuracy Gravity. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-accuracy-expanding-universe.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Accuracy. The Expanding Universe.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/biblical-accuracy-and-circumcision-on.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Biblical Accuracy and Circumcision on the 8th Day.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/what-came-first-chicken-or-egg-by-simon.html">What Came First. The Chicken or The Egg? By Simon Brown.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/prophecies-in-bible-researched-by-simon.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Prophecies In The Bible. Researched By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-lachish-letters-or-lachish-ostrak.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Lachish Letters or Lachish Ostrak or Ostracon Reveals The Name of GOD.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-astartu-relief-bible-archaeology-at.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Astartu Relief. Bible Archaeology At it’s Best. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/03/real-faces-of-bible-tiberius-julius_20.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Real Faces of The Bible. Tiberius Julius Caesar.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/03/real-faces-of-bible-caesar-augustus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Real Faces of The Bible. Caesar Augustus.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/02/is-this-king-tuts-mummy-famous-queen.html">Is This King Tut’s Mum’s Mummy, The Famous Queen Nefertiti?</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-films-will-reveal-how-archeology.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The films will reveal how Archaeology proves the Bible.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vjUoS7thE8k/VPivKbn6UOI/AAAAAAAAAtk/fEvrgti8u9U/s768/The%2BBible..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="471" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vjUoS7thE8k/VPivKbn6UOI/AAAAAAAAAtk/fEvrgti8u9U/s320/The%2BBible..jpg" width="196" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Indisputable Evidence of The Bible.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">It is an indisputable fact, which is certain and unable to be challenged or denied. The fact that Non-believers prove the Bible. Because Non-believers confirm they do not believe in the Bible. When the Bible confirms most would not believe the Bible. Because Jesus said most would not believe Him or the Bible, or the truth of Him and the Bible. Proving the reliability of the Bible. Non-believers prove the Bible prophecies. Because there are many Bible prophecies throughout the Bible predicting most would not believe or follow the Bible. Non-believers are proving the Bible by fulfilling the Bible prophecies throughout the Bible. Making the Bible prophecies fulfilled. Non-believers are the clearest evidence of the Bible, who clearly demonstrates and establish the truth of the Bible. By Non-believers own unbelief of the Bible, Non-believers demonstrate beyond a doubt the accuracy of the Bible. Who said most would not believe the Bible? Sorry it was not me, but Jesus. Where? Here: O righteous Father, the world hath not known thee. John 17:25.</div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>HISTORIANS WHO WROTE ABOUT JESUS!</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/is-this-earliest-validation-confirming.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Is this the earliest validation confirming the gospels outside the Bible, By Thallus the (historian)" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="225" src="https://mlsvc01-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/65654e8c101/1b093603-3dd7-462d-97cc-c175cf6737cc.jpg" title="Is this the earliest validation confirming the gospels outside the Bible, By Thallus the (historian)" width="400" /></a></div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/is-this-earliest-validation-confirming.html">Is this the earliest validation confirming the gospels outside the Bible, By Thallus the (historian)</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/josephus-on-jesus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Josephus on Jesus.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/tacitus-on-jesus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Tacitus on Jesus?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/07/how-god-overthrew-sodomites-flavius.html">HOW GOD OVERTHREW THE SODOMITES FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS.</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/tacitus-on-jesus.html">DID YOU KNOW? The Roman historian Tacitus referred to Christus and his execution by Pontius Pilate in his Annals (written ca. AD 116).</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/did-tacitus-provide-non-christian.html">Pliny the Younger on Christians.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/did-tacitus-provide-non-christian.html">DID Tacitus provide a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus?</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/06/non-canonical-non-biblical-greek-writer.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Non-canonical, non biblical Greek writer: Lucian of Samosata, testifies Christians worship this man who was crucified.</span></a></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/new-video-historian-outside-bible.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Historian Outside The Bible Confirming The Time of Jesus death By Thallus.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/10/recordings-of-crucifixion-by.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Recordings of The Crucifixion by Contemporary Historians. By Dr Richard Kent.</span></a></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/05/archaeological-evidence-of-gallio-who.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Archaeological evidence of Gallio who tried and judged St Paul as told in Acts 18:12.</span></a></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>FALSE BIBLE TRANSLATIONS!</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/04/quick-facts-to-trinitarian-false.html">QUICK FACTS To The Trinitarian FALSE TEACHINGS and FALSE Bible TRANSLATIONS!</a></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/07/is-wisdom-in-proverbs-8-jesus.html">The MANY FALSE Translations of Proverbs 8:22:</a></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html"><span style="font-size: medium;">The FALSE Trinitarian Translations of John 1:1 to 14.</span></a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-false-trinitarian-translations-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The FALSE Trinitarian translations of John 1:10.</span></a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-false-translations-of-john-115-john.html">The FALSE Translations of John 1:15 & John 1:30.</a></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/06/john-840-false-trinitarian-translations.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 8:40 The FALSE Trinitarian Translations, And MORE Biblical Facts Jesus Did NOT PRE-EXIST His Flesh.</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-false-translations-of-john-858.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The False Translations of John 8:58.</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/john-133-false-trinitarian-translation.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 13:3, and John 16:28 FALSE TRINITARIAN TRANSLATIONS.</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/john-133-false-trinitarian-translation.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:28 The FALSE Trinitarian Translation.</a></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-false-translations-of-colossians.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The FALSE Translations of Colossians 1:16.</a></p></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/part-1-false-translations-of-1.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Part 1, The FALSE Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6!</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/12/the-false-trinitarian-translation-of-1.html">The FALSE Trinitarian Translation of 1 John 3:16 In The King James Bible!</a></span></p><p><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/1-john-57-greatest-trinitarian-forgery.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 John 5:7. The GREATEST Trinitarian FORGERY In History.</a></p><p><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/1-timothy-316-yet-again-another.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Timothy 3:16 The FALSE Trinitarian Translation.</a></p><div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-false-translations-of-jude-15-who.html">The FALSE Translations of Jude 1:5? WHO saved the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt, The Lord GOD, or The lord Jesus?</a></span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/02/the-false-trinitarian-translation-of.html">The FALSE Trinitarian translation of Hebrews 1:2.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/04/hebrews-110-correct-meaning.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The FALSE translations of Hebrews 1:10!</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-false-trinitarian-translation-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The FALSE Trinitarian Translation of Ephesians 3:9.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/11/the-trinity-faith-believe-and-teach.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The TRINITY CONTRADICTS Deuteronomy 4:35</span></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/acts-759-yet-again-another-one-of-many.html">Acts 7:59, Yet Again Another One of Many TRINITARIAN FORGERIES.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/acts-2028-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html">Acts 20:28 The FALSE Trinitarian Translation.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/11/matthew-2819-trinitarian-formula-father.html" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Matthew 28:19, The Trinitarian formula “Father the Son and Holy Spirit” YET AGAIN, Another Trinitarian FORGERY.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/philippians-26-yet-again-used-as.html">Philippians 2:6 The FALSE Trinitarian Translations.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/04/quick-facts-to-trinitarian-false.html">Revelation 1:11 The FALSE Trinitarian Translation.</a></div><div><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>TRINITARIAN</b></span><b> DECEPTIONS!</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/05/is-trinity-true-or-false.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">IS THE TRINITY TRUE OR FALSE?</span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/08/thirteen-facts-about-kjv-onlyism-by.html">Thirteen Facts About KJV Onlyism </a><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/08/thirteen-facts-about-kjv-onlyism-by.html">By Trinitarian Teacher Dan Corner! </a><span> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-pagan-gods-and-catholic-trinity.html">The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY. Revised Video on You Tube!</a></span></div></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/08/trinity-teacher-david-pawson-says-gods.html">Trinity teacher David Pawson says (Gods) created the world!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/is-god-one-or-three-persons.html">Is GOD ONE or THREE PERSONS?</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-biblical-facts-jesus-is-not-god-or.html">The Biblical Facts Jesus Is Not GOD Or An Angel, Or Pre-existed His flesh!</a></span></p><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/09/mark-1018-as-jesus-is-good-is-jesus-god.html">Mark 10:18. As Jesus is Good Is Jesus GOD?</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding.html">The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding Of Colossians 1:15.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding_13.html">The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding of Colossians 1:16 and 1:17.</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/philippians-26-yet-again-used-as.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Philippians 2:6. Yet Again Used As Another TRINITARIAN DECEPTION and misunderstanding.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/philippians-26-and-colossians-29.html">Philippians 2:6 and Colossians 2:9, TRINITARIAN DECEPTION and Confusion.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/12/philippians-27-trinitarian-deception.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Philippians 2:7-8, Trinitarian DECEPTION, CONFUSION, and TRUTH.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/07/colossians-29-yet-again-another.html">Colossians 2:9. Yet again, another Trinitarian DECEPTION.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-trinitarian-deception-of-proverbs.html">The Trinitarian DECEPTION of Proverbs 30:4!</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-truth-confusion-and-deception-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Truth, The Confusion and The Deception of Micah 5:2.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/hebrews-18-yet-again-another.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Hebrews 1:8. Yet again ANOTHER Trinitarian deception.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/titus-213-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html">Titus 2:13. Yet again ANOTHER Trinitarian deception.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/shocking-see-how-st-john-identifies.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SHOCKING, SEE HOW ST JOHN IDENTIFIES THE FALSE PROPHETS OF TODAY, 1 JOHN 4:3.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/12/1-john-520-yet-again-another.html">1 John 5:20. Yet AGAIN, Another Trinitarian DECEPTION.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/1-timothy-316-yet-again-another.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1 Timothy 3:16, Yet AGAIN, Another Trinitarian DECEPTION.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/06/acts-2028-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html">Acts 20:28. Yet AGAIN, ANOTHER Trinitarian DECEPTION.</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/isaiah-61-and-john-1241-yet-again.html">Isaiah 6:1 and John 12:41 Yet AGAIN another Trinitarian deception.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/why-do-trinitarians-use-isaiah-96-to.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">ISAIAH 9:6 Trinitarian Contradiction. </a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/romans-95-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Romans 9:5. Yet AGAIN Another Trinitarian DECEPTION.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/genesis-126-trinitarian-deception.html">Genesis 1:26 TRINITARIAN Deception.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/john-824-shocking-truth-and-trinitarian.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John 8:24. The SHOCKING TRUTH and TRINITARIAN DECEPTION.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/new-video-john-858-meaning-of-i-am-2.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">NEW VIDEO: John 8:58, The Meaning of (I am), 2 GREAT DECEPTIONS.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/john-1033-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John 10:33. Yet Again, ANOTHER Trinitarian DECEPTION and misunderstanding.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/john-149-trinitarian-misunderstanding.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 14:9, Trinitarian misunderstanding.</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/john-149-yet-again-another-massive.html">John 14:9. Yet again another MASSIVE Trinitarian confusion Creating a TRINITARIAN deception.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/john-175-yet-again-another-trinitarian.html">John 17:5. Yet Again Another Trinitarian Confusion. Creating A TRINITARIAN Deception.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/12/did-thomas-believe-jesus-is-god-when.html">John 20:28 The Correct Meaning.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/2-peter-11-yet-again-another.html">2 Peter 1:1 Yet AGAIN Another Trinitarian misunderstanding.</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/why-is-trinity-conspiracy-containing.html">WHY IS THE TRINITY A CONSPIRACY CONTAINING DESTRUCTIVE HERESIES?</a></span></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/does-isaiah-4311-prove-jesus-is-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Does Isaiah 43:11, prove Jesus is GOD ALMIGHTY. Trinitarian CONFUSION.</span></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-deception-of-god-as-compound-unity.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The DECEPTION of GOD as a compound unity. Deuteronomy 6:4, Mark 12:29.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/06/god-is-one-person-not-three-malachi-210.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">GOD IS ONE PERSON. NOT THREE. Malachi 2:10.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/does-matthew-123-prove-jesus-is-god-as.html"><br /></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/does-matthew-123-prove-jesus-is-god-as.html">Matthew 1:23 The Correct Meaning.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/05/follow-me-and-you-will-see-how.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Follow Me, and You Will See, How Trinitarian Verses Used, Don’t Prove The Trinity.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE TRUTH ABOUT JOHN JOHN 1!</span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">IS THE WORD JESUS IN JOHN 1:1?</span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/why-john-11-is-not-about-jesus.html">WHY John 1:1 is not about Jesus!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/when-did-jesus-begin-to-exist.html">WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?</a></span></p><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/john-1-in-50-english-translations.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John 1 in 50+ English Translations By Sir Anthony Buzzard.</span></a></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-challenge-facing-trinitarianism.html">The Challenge Facing Trinitarianism Today. By Sir Anthony F. Buzzard.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/my-meeting-with-sir-anthony-buzzard-and.html">My meeting with Sir Anthony Buzzard and his Testimony.</a></span></div></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/08/jesus-was-unitarian-monotheist-says-sir.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jesus Was A Unitarian Monotheist Says: Sir Anthony Buzzard, biblical scholar, unitarian Christian theologian.</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1573093092?ie=UTF8&tag=restorationfe-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1573093092" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound" border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="191" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41DYaHnvlAL._SY291_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_FMwebp_.jpg" title="The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.focusonthekingdom.org/articles_/Who%20Is%20Jesus.pdf" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Who Is Jesus?" border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="379" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMCnr5dvhGiJOMCP02mcDC4pB-D1GiQdO_cxYMW-TlEJti14J42C7jzOaOb6EWG-BYFOyCNeBpQSmLJ4ziQZEilXZoKq_tND5oPUkfLUh612AXxQGXSXQ8N9bYvCwAxtuAjfn3tzVwhQub/w214-h320/Who+Is+Jesus%253F+A+Plea+for+a+Return+to+Belief+in+Jesus%252C+the+Messiah.png" title="Who Is Jesus?" width="214" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE TRUTH OF LIFE AFTER DEATH!</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/06/the-trinitarian-doctrine-of-immortal.html">The Trinitarian Doctrine of The Immortal Soul Is FALSE!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-false-christian-teachings-of-luke.html">The FALSE Christian Teachings of Luke 23:43 Going To Heaven!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-christian-deception-of-matthew-1028.html">The Christian deception of Matthew 10:28!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/the-false-doctrine-about-separable.html">The FALSE DOCTRINE About A Separable Immortal (SOUL).</a></span></p><p><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/scriptures-proving-unsaved-will-not.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Part 5. Scriptures Proving THE UNSAVED Will Not Have ETERNAL LIFE ROASTING IN HELL FIRE FOR EVER AND EVER.</span></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/part-4-true-meaning-of-matthew-2546.html">Part 4. The true meaning of Matthew 25:46.</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/part-3-true-meaning-of-mark-944-mark.html">Part 3. The true meaning of Mark 9:44, Mark 9:46,Mark 9:48.</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/part-2-true-meaning-of-revelation-2010.html">Part 2. The true meaning of Revelation 20:10.</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-false-teachings-of-burning-in-hell.html">THE FALSE TEACHINGS OF BURNING IN HELL FIRE DAY AND NIGHT FOREVER AND EVER, Revelation 14:11?</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>WHO AND WHAT IS THE HOLY SPIRIT?</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/09/what-is-holy-spirit.html" style="text-align: left;">What is the Holy Spirit?</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/08/is-helper-in-john-1416-third-person-of.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Is The "Helper" In John 14:16 The THIRD person of the TRINITY?</span></a></p><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/07/notice-how-holy-spirit-of-yahweh-is.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Notice how the HOLY SPIRIT of Yahweh is NEVER, EVER taught as being (A SEPARATE THIRD PERSON)</span></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>THE FALSE TEACHINGS OF DR GRADY MCMURTRY!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/dr-grady-mcmurtry-says-2-corinthians-58.html">Dr Grady McMurtry, says 2 Corinthians 5:8 proves the saints are in HEAVEN!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/dr-grady-mcmurtrys-false-teaching-on.html">Dr Grady McMurtry's FALSE TEACHING on HELL!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/according-to-dr-grady-john-149-john.html">According to Dr. Grady, John 14:9, John 10:30, PROVES Jesus is GOD Almighty!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/exposing-dr-grady-s-mcmurtry-on.html">EXPOSING Dr. Grady S. McMurtry On Revelation TV!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/exposing-false-teachers-on-revelation-tv.html">EXPOSING FALSE TEACHERS ON REVELATION TV!</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DID JESUS PRE-EXIST HIS FLESH?</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/04/why-jesus-did-not-pre-exist-his-flesh.html">WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh!</a></span></p><p><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/question-did-god-send-preexisting-jesus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Question? DID GOD send a PREEXISTING Jesus?</span></a></p><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/question-did-god-yahweh-father-of.html">Question? DID GOD Yahweh, the Father of creation, send & sacrifice Himself or His SON?</a></span></div><p><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/subject-title-of-this-commentary-is.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Subject: The title of this commentary is: FOREKNOWLEDGE AND PREDESTINATION DOES NOT MEAN PREEXISTENCE.</span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Jehovah Witnesses.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/the-biblical-facts-jesus-is-not-god-or.html">The Biblical Facts Jesus Is Not GOD Or An Angel, Or Pre-existed His flesh!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/is-jesus-michael-angel.html">Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_6.html">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of John 1:1!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Proverbs 8:22 - 30!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_27.html">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Revelation 3:14!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_16.html">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:16!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:15!</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>TRINITARIAN CONFESSIONS!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/09/archbishop-of-canterbury-preaches-false.html">Archbishop of Canterbury Preaches A FALSE Christ!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/12/the-shocking-confession-of-trinity.html">The SHOCKING TRINITARIAN CONFESSION That DENIES The Christ, and DENIES The Father And The SON, as told in 1 John 2:22.</a></span></p><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Comments I receive on the TRINITY!</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/12/comment-by-cbooth151-debunking-trinity.html">Comment by cbooth151 debunking the TRINITY:</a></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/12/the-testimony-and-research-by-john.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Testimony And Research By John Wagman On The TRINITY!</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/01/interesting-comment-by-alex-shatner.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Interesting comment by Alex Shatner a Greek and Hebrew Scholar, professor in the (Koine) Greek.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/comment-by-john-de-visser-on-trinity.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">COMMENT by John De Visser on the Trinity and false Christ's:</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/03/shocking-comment-on-trinity.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SHOCKING COMMENT ON THE TRINITY.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/09/shocking-quotes-on-trinity.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SHOCKING QUOTES ABOUT THE TRINITY!</span></a></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/05/interesting-commenttrue-christianity.html">Interesting comment. True Christianity originated from Judaism, not Catholic paganism.</a></span></div></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/09/the-most-shocking-comment-i-have-ever.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE MOST SHOCKING COMMENT I have ever received. Titled: The Trinity is NOT Biblical.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/01/who-is-alpha-and-omega.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHO IS The Alpha and The Omega?" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUSj-TEwVFV4U1tfXJZEBUWoA22FP2nblsATH3H85-rqdwbuDGohRmsWrvsOUQz0XJJfhKBC_H5MV7EddM9fEV9f5M9jDOmhVL-ZqC17nCTzNFW2NVTD9nOmff4G-27jsy1IW6sHum4aRt/w320-h180/WHO+IS++The+Alpha+and+The+Omega%252C+.jpg" title="WHO IS The Alpha and The Omega?" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/04/next-new-video-who-is-referred-to-as.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Next New Video: Who is referred to as: The Alpha and The Omega, in Revelation 22:13?</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/02/this-weeks-research-has-taken-me-to.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This weeks research has taken me to an interesting find, regarding if it is true, that: The Alpha and the Omega, in Revelation 22,13, is, or is NOT, missing?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/02/did-jesus-really-say-he-is-alpha-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did Jesus TRULY say: I Am The Alpha and the Omega? NO. The oldest manuscripts prove ANOTHER TRINITY DECEPTION. Research by Simon Brown</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/05/watch-my-new-video-alpha-and-omega-in.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Alpha and the Omega in Revelation 1:11. ANOTHER MASSIVE TRINITARIAN DECEPTION.</span></a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES:</span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/12/my-conclusion-of-philippians-26.html">My Conclusion of Philippians 2:6.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/adam.html">Adam: 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗝𝗘𝗦𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗢𝗗 “𝗕𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘” 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡?</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/what-we-believe-simon-and-emma-brown.html">What we believe, Simon and Emma Brown.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-truth-confusion-and-deception-of.html"><br /></a></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/job-date-1880-medium-painting.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The (unique) WORDS by Job 23:13, GOD is ONE BEING with NO MEDIATOR!</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/why-would-authors-of-titus-213-2-peter.html">WHY would the authors of Titus 2:13, 2 Peter 1:1, and John 20:28 FORGET to mention “Yahweh" The GOD and Father of Creation?</a> </span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/must-read-bill-stephanie-schlegel-from.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MUST READ: Bill & Stephanie Schlegel: From Trinity to One God.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/does-god-share-his-glory-and-prove.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Does GOD share His glory, and prove Jesus is GOD? Isaiah 42:8, John 17:5.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/09/why-is-yahweh-called-god-almighty.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Why is "Yahweh'' called GOD Almighty?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/09/the-most-shocking-bible-prophecy.html">THE MOST SHOCKING BIBLE PROPHECY MATTHEW 7-23!</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/does-jesus-declare-god-is-one-or-three.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DOES JESUS DECLARE GOD IS ONE OR THREE CALLED THE TRINITY?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/there-are-three-gods-says-trinitarian.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are ''THREE GODS'' says Trinitarian teacher Mr David Pawson.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/is-jesus-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="IS JESUS GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="367" height="131" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-m_AF6ydSK9Y%2FVkkKb4un96I%2FAAAAAAAACAQ%2FrE0HgmBP0Cs%2Fs640%2FIs%252BJesus%252BGod%25253F.gif&t=1562518176&ymreqid=9eba0db4-e946-ba9f-2fd5-f004dc010000&sig=jmKJl4alNBQu5WRMYMcmzw--~C" title="IS JESUS GOD?" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/is-jesus-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">IS JESUS GOD?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/how-many-gods-on-throne-of-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">How many GOD's on the THRONE of GOD?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/did-st-peter-believe-jesus-was-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did St Peter Believe Jesus was GOD?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/who-were-and-are-false-prophets.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">WHO Were And Are The FALSE PROPHETS?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/did-devil-believe-jesus-was-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DID THE DEVIL BELIEVE JESUS WAS GOD?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/did-two-men-with-demons-call-jesus-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did the two men with demons call Jesus GOD?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/did-martha-of-bethany-say-believe-or.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DID Martha of Bethany SAY BELIEVE or CALL Jesus GOD? - Was Martha present when Jesus corrected the Jews?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/what-did-john-baptist-believe-did-john.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What DID John the Baptist believe? DID John SAY BELIEVE or CALL Jesus GOD?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/god-said-my-people-are-destroyed-for.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">GOD said: My people are destroyed, for lack of knowledge. Hosea 4:6.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/can-god-become-man-and-die-as-jesus-did.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Can GOD become a MAN, and DIE, as Jesus DID?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/05/what-did-jesus-mean-i-and-father-are.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I And The Father Are ONE, John 10:30, What Did Jesus Mean?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/03/new-video-channel-is-jesus-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">New Video Channel: Is GOD and His Son a TRIAD GOD?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/03/urgent-note-regarding-my-you-tube.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">URGENT NOTE REGARDING MY YOU TUBE CHANNEL.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/06/did-god-say-jesus-was-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Did GOD say Jesus was GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZyN6jhGHahDDK4BrW3G21hpzzN7cLSwomM-3tYp02-ISCno58tECLRywLerml66vFmq-of-0-_WIKXc9IOxOLcwTC1NmoaFlX2SUFmGlYVr9lP5-mEhgFEakKglNtm6uGM11vTEeeri7q/w320-h180/Did+GOD+say+Jesus+was+GOD.jpg" title="Did GOD say Jesus was GOD?" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/06/did-god-say-jesus-was-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did GOD say Jesus was GOD?</span></a></div></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/scripture-no-3-john-858-was-gods-son.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Scripture No 3. John 8:58. Was GOD’s Son claiming to be His GOD in Exodus 3:14, when Jesus said: before Abraham was, I am, in John 8:58.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/12/did-thomas-believe-jesus-is-god-when.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did Thomas BELIEVE Jesus was GOD when Thomas said “My Lord and my God!” John 20:28?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/12/deuteronomy-64-mark-1229-god-is-one.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Deuteronomy 6:4. Mark 12:29. GOD is ONE. The Most IMPORTANT commandment, ignored, forsaken and BROKEN by MOST Christians everyday.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/10/did-winston-churchill-believe-in-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did Winston Churchill believe in God?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/11/dear-friends-this-will-be-my-last-email.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Dear friends, this will be my last email from Constant Contact.</span></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/05/for-you-are-great-and-do-wondrous.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">For you are great and do wondrous things; you alone are God. Psalm 86:10.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/05/does-elohim-mean-one-or-two-or-three.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Does Elohim mean ONE, or TWO, or THREE, And Prove A Trinity?</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/01/what-did-jesus-mean-where-is-separate.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What did Jesus mean? & Where is the separate third Godhead when He said: I and my Father are one, in John 10:30, or in John 1:1, or on Heaven’s Big Throne?”</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-striking-fact-that-jesus-never.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The striking fact that Jesus never calls himself GOD, in the gospels of Matthew, Mark or Luke.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/12/did-catholic-church-create-doctrine-of.html">DID THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CREATE THE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY? Research By Simon Brown.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/you-are-blaspheming-because-i-said-i-am.html">‘You are blaspheming,’ because I said, ‘I am the SON OF GOD’? John 10:36.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/why-do-trinitarians-use-isaiah-96-to.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Why do Trinitarians use ISAIAH 9:6, to PROVE the Trinity, when ISAIAH 9:6, DISPROVES the Trinity?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/st-paul-blows-trinity-doctrine-to.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ST PAUL BLOWS THE TRINITY DOCTRINE TO OBLIVION.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/does-matthew-123-prove-jesus-is-god-as.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Does Matthew 1:23, prove Jesus is THE GOD, as many claim? Research by Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/08/join-us-as-we-visit-westminster-abbey.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Join us as we visit The Westminster Abbey and see Sir Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin's grave and look at The missing link.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/08/why-do-most-trinitarians-believe-all.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Why do most Trinitarians believe all the church Fathers believed in the TRINITY?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/08/update-4august2016-our-search-for-tomb_4.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">UPDATE 4/August/2016. Our Search For The Tomb of Jesus and The Great Stone Video Climbs over 200,000 Views.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/07/our-trip-to-sir-isaac-newtons-home-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Our Trip To Sir Isaac Newton’s Home And His Great Quotes On GOD.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/06/new-video-does-almighty-god-declare-he.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">NEW VIDEO. DOES ALMIGHTY GOD DECLARE, HE IS ONE PERSON, OR THREE CALLED THE TRINITY?</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/06/god-is-one-person-not-three-malachi-210.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/up-date-on-my-trip-to-holy-land.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">UP DATE ON MY TRIP TO THE HOLY LAND.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/i-am-getting-ready-to-set-off-to-gods.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/04/i-am-getting-ready-to-set-off-to-gods.html">I am getting ready to set off to God’s beloved Holy Land and City.</a></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/12/whats-wrong-with-christmas-lets-shine.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">WHAT'S WRONG WITH CHRISTMAS? Lets shine out at Christmas, The New Year, and Easter, and be The Light Of The World. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/12/a-comparison-of-lives-of-moses-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A comparison of the lives of Moses and Jesus reveals fifty elements common to both lives, many of which were beyond the ability of any human to control.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/whats-odds-of-these-17-prophecies-in.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What is the odds of these 17 Prophecies in the Old Testament about the coming Messiah? The Great Debate by Grant R. Jeffrey.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/great-news-for-born-again-believers.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">GREAT NEWS FOR BORN AGAIN BELIEVERS. Historical Text Outside The Bible Confirming Jesus Return With Power and glory.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/10/watch-rock-solid-evidence-of-jesus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Watch, See, and Believe, The Evidence of God’s Yearning, Divine Love.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-little-wild-bird-who-became-simons.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Little Wild Bird Who Became Simon's Friend.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/prime-minister-of-united-kingdom-david.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron Encourages Christian Evangelising.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/what-are-gnostic-gospels-are-they.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What Are The Gnostic Gospels? Are They Credible? Are They Fake, Heretical? Researched by Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/07/did-jesus-die-on-april-3rd-33-ad.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Did Jesus die on April 3rd 33 AD?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/06/people-who-travelled-to-sodom-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">People who travelled to Sodom and Gomorrah share their testimonies.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/spiritual-encounters-by-caspar-mccloud.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Spiritual Encounters By Caspar McCloud with Cris Putnam and Tom Horn. UNBELIVEBEL.</span></a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/did-you-know-roughly-150000-people-die.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DID YOU KNOW? roughly 150,000 people die 'each day' 2 every second, across the globe.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/05/is-it-ok-for-christians-to-wilfully-sin.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">IS IT OK FOR CHRISTIANS TO WILFULLY SIN? ONCE SAVED ALWAYS SAVED, IS THIS TRUE?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/law-and-grace.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Law and Grace.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/must-watch-once-saved-always-saved.html">MUST WATCH: Once Saved Always Saved? & False Grace Doctrine | Dr. Michael Brown | Ask Sid.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/verily-verily-i-say-unto-you-john-524.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Verily, verily, I say unto you. John 5:24. What did Jesus mean?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-parables-of-jesus.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Parables of Jesus.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/john-812-what-did-jesus-mean-i-am-light.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John 8:12. What did Jesus mean, I am the light of the world?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/enter-through-narrow-gate-matthew-713.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Enter Through The Narrow Gate, Matthew 7:13. What did Jesus mean by a narrow and wide gate?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-did-jesus-mean-i-am-way-truth-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What did Jesus mean? I AM THE WAY THE TRUTH AND THE LIFE, In John 14:6.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-33-chilean-miners-and-god.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">THE 33 CHILEAN MINERS AND GOD.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/jesus-is-not-interested-in-mere-fans-he.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jesus is not interested in mere fans. He doesn't want enthusiastic admirers.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-fig-tree-now-learn-parable-of-fig.html">THE FIG TREE. Now learn a parable of the fig tree. Matthew 24:32 - 35.</a></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/prisoner-boxcars-with-shackles-and.html">Prisoner Boxcars With Shackles, and guillotines built to terminate Christians and firm Bible believers.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/urgent-shocking-are-aliens-taking-over.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="213" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxuI4OJgC7w/VQB-SBvuMyI/AAAAAAAAAzE/czMr7cZjJ0o/s320/URGENT.%2BSHOCKING.%2BAre%2BAliens%2Btaking%2Bover%2Bour%2Bplanet%3F%2B%2B.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>ALIENS TRUE OF FALSE?</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/watchers-8-exclusive-implant-removal.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Watchers 8 Exclusive - Implant Removal with Dr. Leir. Commentary & Analysis by L. A. Marzulli.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/most-shocking-alien-abduction-of-corina.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">MOST SHOCKING ALIEN ABDUCTION of Corina Saebels.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/urgent-shocking-are-aliens-taking-over.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">URGENT. SHOCKING. Are Aliens taking over our planet?</span></a></div><div><span style="color: #0000ee; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Alien Life On Pluto Exists, Says Professor Brian Cox.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://youtu.be/hllyWUrtf2E?si=QRJYRXWlahKuMA9z">WATCH:UFO and Alien Abductions. Interview with Dr David Jacobs</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>EVOLUTION, TRUE OR FALSE?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhId-CWpPMe7nHvN5SqEaNxZqfnzKJ_1UYbzGDsSnAaKfF7T1Gru0ddxaVz4P2S4eNzQiddDd8LUbVVMXYJgu85OAbXTUp_iBFkZe1vRjuyy67AEeR8NdtYLEOySvLmn9Mj4uYfsx3HaZqi/s595/Evolutionists+believe%252C+after+the+big+bang+over+time+about+17000+million+years+ago%252C.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="595" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhId-CWpPMe7nHvN5SqEaNxZqfnzKJ_1UYbzGDsSnAaKfF7T1Gru0ddxaVz4P2S4eNzQiddDd8LUbVVMXYJgu85OAbXTUp_iBFkZe1vRjuyy67AEeR8NdtYLEOySvLmn9Mj4uYfsx3HaZqi/s320/Evolutionists+believe%252C+after+the+big+bang+over+time+about+17000+million+years+ago%252C.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/is-evolution-fact-mostly-by-simon-brown.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Is Evolution FACT? Mostly By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-so-called-missing-links-to.html"><span>THE SO CALLED ''MISSING LINKS'' TO EVOLUTION. THAT FOOLED THE DUMB SCIENTIST</span></a><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/01/one-simple-reason-why-evolution-is-false.html">One simple reason why evolution is false!</a></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/12/scientists-say-its-mystery-we-exist.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Scientists say: IT'S A MYSTERY WE EXIST!</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/02/where-is-evidence-proving-evolution.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Where is the EVIDENCE proving EVOLUTION?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/did-charles-darwin-really-say-that.html">Did Charles Darwin Really Say That?</a></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/evolution-blown-to-pieces-by-simon_59.html">Evolution Blown to Pieces. By Simon Brown. Now available to read here on my blogger. PART TWO.</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/evolution-blown-to-pieces-by-simon.html">Evolution Blown to Pieces. By Simon Brown. Now available to read here on my blogger. PART ONE.</a></span></div></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/01/antony-flew-atheist-who-changed-his.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Antony Flew, The Atheist Who Changed His Mind. By Simon Brown.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8lP6AKISJA/VPDu4ckwInI/AAAAAAAAAmg/hkqKuJp9gBAPWuSUHUJnkAoD5AjCrolZQCPcBGAYYCw/s700/Shroud%2Bof%2BTurin..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img alt="Is the Shroud of Turin a fake or a forgery" border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="700" height="104" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8lP6AKISJA/VPDu4ckwInI/AAAAAAAAAmg/hkqKuJp9gBAPWuSUHUJnkAoD5AjCrolZQCPcBGAYYCw/w640-h104/Shroud%2Bof%2BTurin..jpg" title="Is the Shroud of Turin a fake or a forgery" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/is-shroud-of-turin-fake-or-forgery-as.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Is the Shroud of Turin a fake or a forgery as many say? Or is it truly the cloth that covered the body of Jesus Christ by Joseph of Arimathaea?</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/what-is-sudarium-of-oviedo-or-shroud-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">What is the Sudarium of Oviedo, or Shroud of Oviedo?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">T<a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/the-body-of-jesus-christ-and-body-of.html">he body of Jesus Christ and the body of Elvis Presley.</a></span></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/doubting-thomas-and-shroud-of-turin.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Doubting Thomas and The Shroud of Turin.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/read-100s-of-scientific-papers-and-peer.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Read 100’s of scientific papers, and peer reviewed articles, and the physical evidences of the crucifixion, death, and the ultimate Resurrection of Jesus (Yeshua) meaning Salvation.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/important-new-pollen-discovery-on.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Important New Pollen Discovery on the Sudarium of Oviedo? by Dan Porter.</span></a></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/04/read-for-free-shroud-of-turin-speaks.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Read for FREE: The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-easter-message-and-shroud-videos-by.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">My Easter Message and Shroud Videos by Dr Richard Kent and 100's of Peer Reviewed Scientific Papers, Proving Jesus on the Shroud of Turin.</span></a></div></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-quantum-hologram-of-christs.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A Quantum Hologram of Christ's Resurrection?</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/barrie-schwortz-meets-world-muslim.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Barrie Schwortz meets World Muslim Leader Hadhrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad and talks about Jesus on the Shroud of Turin.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/evidence-of-crucifixion-death-and.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Evidence of the Crucifixion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ Paperback.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/now-on-dvd-absolutely-free-shroud-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Now On DVD, 'Absolutely' FREE. The Shroud of Turin an Enduring Mystery.</span></a></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/07/we-belong-to-christ-and-we-have-receipt.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We Belong To Christ, and We Have A Receipt to Prove it!</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-shroud-of-turin-enduring-mystery.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The Shroud of Turin an Enduring Mystery.</span></a></div></div></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/01/david-hines-latest-post-on-shroud-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">David Hines Latest Post On The Shroud of Turin.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/03/shroud-was-sold-to-savoy-family-563.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Shroud was sold to Savoy Family 563 years ago today. By David Hines.</span></a></div></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/a-personal-report-on-2015-jalsa-salana.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A Personal Report on the 2015 Jalsa Salana Convention By Barrie Schwortz.</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/new-video-historian-outside-bible.html"></a></span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/11/new-video-historian-outside-bible.html"></a><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-shroud-of-turin-was-at-crime-scene.html">THE SHROUD OF TURIN WAS AT THE CRIME SCENE. By David Hines.</a></span></div></div></div><div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/10/a-quantum-hologram-of-christs.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A Quantum Hologram of Christ's Resurrection? By Dame Piczek and Chuck Missler.</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/i-ask-russ-breault-million-dollar.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I Ask Russ Breault, The Million Dollar Question? How Did The 3 D Image Appear On The Shroud of Turin?</span></a></div><div><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/09/shroud-of-turin-expert-russ-breault.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Shroud of Turin Expert Russ Breault confirms Jesus died and was indeed resurrected part 1.</span></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/evidence-of-crucifixion-death-and.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="448" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iehbx1pWA6I/Vjk6jqS9a0I/AAAAAAAAB9s/5gKdofIJtlw/s320/Evidence_of_the_Cruc_Cover_for_Kindle.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Our latest book is far more detailed.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/08/evidence-of-crucifixion-death-and.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Evidence of the Crucifixion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ Paperback." border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="640" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXIGNMdn4hNC2VeGVNi5XQVzypXalMydzZFcJHtClWyvfu-lf_r_DWX21-IoUpoLP6Jpn-_CSt8w8To4rdg2WUIV9ejuu4wdMYiXAMpdZ4w96kpwGpMLIbN5NeYoORPvS0JJ2tlknR__b_SVZIz2UMv28vMa7sgwns9N13e0hagKkGMosNRTML0yJpA/w640-h328/The%20Shroud%20of%20Turin%20Speaks%20for%20Itself%20Paperback.png" title="Evidence of the Crucifixion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ Paperback." width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Shroud-Turin-Speaks-Itself/dp/1482610132/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1422053213&sr=1-2&keywords=Our+Search+for+the+Tomb+of+Jesus" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself Paperback." border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="176" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggWz62l1z2psAH-LCUD7xPLTASIcLfl2-McwC7iiIWvQxFzdUjwyM5bVh5Z-DgL1obLjIxd-xzxN6C885PAmsXjec0_qnUBCQOqf_tfzt3BvpSlAk8VCrsS0-MaK3dO4osPWSQJd5qWHdH/w132-h200/Shroud+of+Turin+by+Simon+Brown..png" title="The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself Paperback. By Simon Brown." width="132" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sabana-Santa-Turin-Spanish-Edition/dp/1492986771/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1382082668&sr=8-1-fkmr1&keywords=shroud+of+turin+la+Sabana+Santa+de+Turin+habla+por+si+mismo#customerReviews" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="la Sabana Santa de Turin habla por si mismo (Spanish Edition)" border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="231" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5yWYRFVVGWk/VMLTJGWce2I/AAAAAAAAARc/iSfhiq9d52I/w134-h200/e0eadffd4d953ea945295851728c272e_ijow.png" title="la Sabana Santa de Turin habla por si mismo (Spanish Edition)" width="134" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/nW5UMgXn3T8?si=FBBY_tAH1btMU30c" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Evidence and The True Face of The Shroud film" border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="170" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6kAcgKxBn94/VMKvyFiTUlI/AAAAAAAAANg/GppZvC2NSUI/w275-h400/evidenceShroud_170.jpg" title="The Evidence and The True Face of The Shroud film" width="275" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;">The Evidence and The True Face of The Shroud film</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R5EOaOJraxU/VLu0vDm6__I/AAAAAAAAAIM/Vuqjm7yZcPs/s559/Sir%2BIsack.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="407" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R5EOaOJraxU/VLu0vDm6__I/AAAAAAAAAIM/Vuqjm7yZcPs/s320/Sir%2BIsack.png" width="233" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Articles on history’s greatest scientists, Sir Isaac Newton.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/01/sir-isaac-newton-and-albert-einstein.html">Sir Isaac Newton And Albert Einstein Faith in God.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/07/was-albert-einstein-born-again-believer.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Was Albert Einstein A Born Again Believer?</span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/08/join-us-as-we-visit-westminster-abbey.html">Join us as we visit The Westminster Abbey.</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/07/our-trip-to-sir-isaac-newtons-home-and.html">Our Trip To Sir Isaac Newton’s Home And His Great Quotes On GOD.</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/06/discover-what-i-discovered-which-nearly.html" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">DISCOVER WHAT I DISCOVERED, WHICH NEARLY GAVE ME A HEART ATTACK. Was Sir Isaac Newton Telling The TRUTH, When He Said: The Trinity Was Bogus?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmt4YU1idcZYgK02SaUiHu8tWeiP3bIVbUn_lutgVQERZlHjr9svUBCoNXawKtJl7Ev1FChpcqh1JgdDgTLyoCll1ZKMNfuuas422BQEFJ8fThAIt3Shyphenhyphenn2lkWl-pW3KqeE_jlDLYSt71P/s1600/DSC00644+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmt4YU1idcZYgK02SaUiHu8tWeiP3bIVbUn_lutgVQERZlHjr9svUBCoNXawKtJl7Ev1FChpcqh1JgdDgTLyoCll1ZKMNfuuas422BQEFJ8fThAIt3Shyphenhyphenn2lkWl-pW3KqeE_jlDLYSt71P/s320/DSC00644+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 1.</span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/02/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 1A.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_16.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 2.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_35.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 3.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_47.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 4.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_99.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 5.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_9.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 6.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_17.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 7.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/01/have-your-say-and-join-my-guestbook_61.html"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Have your say and join my Guestbook. Page 8.</span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/11/salvation-what-must-we-believe.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">SALVATION, WHAT MUST WE BELIEVE?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/03/1-john-47-8.html" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1 JOHN 4.7. ARE YOU BORN AGAIN? Who do you love?</span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/surrender-your-heart-to-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Salvation." border="0" data-original-height="105" data-original-width="640" height="106" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mKWJtkuPlsA/VNTw-sRPHcI/AAAAAAAAAXI/ZnIbfKfANg4_yrxyqPz-YsDX9Vl7nrSWQCPcBGAYYCw/w640-h106/Surrender%2BYour%2BHeart%2BTo%2BGod..gif" title="Surrender Your life To God and His Son." width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/surrender-your-heart-to-god.html">Surrender Your life To God and His Son.</a></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/how-much-does-god-love-you.html">How much does God love you?</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/question-what-is-spiritual-blindness.html">Question: What is spiritual blindness?</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/the-heavens-including-magnificent.html">The heavens including the magnificent universe declares God.</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>BOOKS and FILMS!</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Tomb-Jesus-Simon-Brown/dp/B00S5NPOG4/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1518949626&sr=8-1&keywords=tomb+of+jesus" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tomb of Jesus by Simon Brown." border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="404" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfDKtc6LOooC8L3FozkS-aod4AIHiPZfFEjhU8U1zTIGfjLuHAKMxGXuCIKGDxC77j8Iu9x8yedBj-MRUd8Q0GIxBGEmdevDJObJ4BiJCKm42KK-uvfjtub8lEvjdupVmS2lGWvPHzvt1K/w248-h320/Tomb+of+Jesus%252C+by+Simon+Brown..png" title="Tomb of Jesus by Simon Brown." width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Real-Discoveries-Near-Dead-Sea/dp/B00S5N10NA/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1518978168&sr=8-2-fkmr1&keywords=real+discoveries+around+the+dead+sea" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Real Discoveries Near the Dead Sea By Simon Brown" border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="460" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkrI95RpLM5skyj_u2gkzEemE5asV9fOJ7j9594XsnUf4I3X-0i9T5cGdn6BGIPZS7TU-MMlzXhmAPyhgY3tqK51d_WjiRtwERzeqLysDVsCVwAwxU9qZvC9RMlYq6s23tmzZJJIfDKBiL/w241-h320/REAL+BIBLE+DISCOVERIES+by+Simon+Brown..png" title="Real Discoveries Near the Dead Sea By Simon Brown" width="241" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/evolution-blown-to-pieces-by-simon.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Evolution Blown to Pieces. By Simon Brown. Now available to read here on my blogger. PART ONE." border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="213" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzq2kNIIN0LPZ4wVqVCRSeUtLfdIngQ7v1MGyRhl7k6VlOr30D2U1IiGL9ukQkty1FiuOv21I3TdKK4oS8Gi2SA0vAdALAgtzRoaI8pq3LkyPHow41xHlR3JKEmADFzraPrScVDOqtE3Pf/w213-h320/Evolution+Blown+to+Pieces-+.png" title="Evolution Blown to Pieces. By Simon Brown. Now available to read here on my blogger. PART ONE." width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068253125884" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simon Brown Face Book." border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="266" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsC1MViE7c9bQGrukMY4juFMxS0JANP6CX_8_W6RfqWerKneyd20MQueBbllazl6U4q_AGQxczwNyhvGplqAtYkasKTBcqYcv0Sw8dEs7TcC51IhMexjIIOeLyyJOQqlFfAxlpz8k5hosn/w320-h181/My+Facebook.+Simon+Brown+.jpg" title="Simon Brown Face Book." width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/REALDISCOVERIES1/videos" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simon Brown@REALDISCOVERIES You Tube." border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YSp1gu5qAr6QQ5EBSzgokU_JaaFuO2lC4Q1WhxpstAPAIFAbDiDSGKlYFm0oV3ve0N5LFeK6YMgP1l1ln-txL9JLWDH7b5QxRndWZIZjsuZlW5ZD2g-1gh0ifTLvaKH-emjdvJh0ui0m/w320-h180/My+You+Tube+Simon+Brown.+Real+Discoveries.jpg" title="Simon Brown@REALDISCOVERIES You Tube." width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCctoCFjG7GL7zoQHKzZn-0Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Is GOD and His Son a TRIAD GOD," border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnzeo6QxQMXV_FU8Ny54VqKNmUFByNxQhyphenhyphenzAuGI5cxWZ4gDoaxGUNTWcs8vIvoUf6fO7mnO-q0lmZttDZMWlVTI7k1lk1MFaZDCDK_R0zI8jFdRADCoxvY2QNI_TqHcmKkhxPt8zeNj11S/w320-h180/My+New+You+Tube+Simon+Brown+Is+GOD+and+His+Son+a+TRIAD+GOD%252C+.jpg" title="Is GOD and His Son a TRIAD GOD," width="320" /></a></div></div></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-50661578860162083202023-08-22T05:39:00.008-07:002023-08-24T14:32:08.145-07:00Thirteen Facts About KJV Onlyism By Trinitarian Teacher Dan Corner!<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFrSCkb7hJtbkFv6jeMkNmJFtU4zCNpjIpKytgtejF4VTfVo4aPJ0PbgJKHlJRAXkiAs_dY3PrZTiQSyUPoL_D-K4HGK40GPVS__KKLckflely9355xKDlnAq3Vlbi1Ua8ydVLmXg7pS7xrQI37RuiKeBOmzlavjy1BFOVVYZPaVPnhxeG43ECw3FwkKH/s408/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner." border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="408" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmFrSCkb7hJtbkFv6jeMkNmJFtU4zCNpjIpKytgtejF4VTfVo4aPJ0PbgJKHlJRAXkiAs_dY3PrZTiQSyUPoL_D-K4HGK40GPVS__KKLckflely9355xKDlnAq3Vlbi1Ua8ydVLmXg7pS7xrQI37RuiKeBOmzlavjy1BFOVVYZPaVPnhxeG43ECw3FwkKH/w640-h150/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner..png" title="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner." width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I am adding this article on my blog by super hard core Trinitarian teacher Dan Corner called: </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>Thirteen Facts About KJV Onlyism.</u></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If you are thinking why would I add info by a Trinitarian teacher, when they are a false religion, with so many false doctrines, teachings, and false translations?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, I receive hundreds of comments from non Catholic Trinitarians, who mostly seem to live by the Kings James Bible translations, and who have no idea of how they are being very deceived by the KJV translations, making the SON of GOD into GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please see my article: <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/04/quick-facts-to-trinitarian-false.html">QUICK FACTS To The Trinitarian FALSE TEACHINGS and FALSE Bible TRANSLATIONS!</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The good points of Dan Corner is that he is a super hard core Trinitarian teacher, and yet he even reveals how the Kings James Bible in which many Trinitarians live by, is a Catholic translation which is bursting with false translations, in which my own research perfectly agrees with.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQhHEBeFo6hN6m_MIZE43j7NyAsGZIDfDtHOHlfRSTFBqsmLXu_Wbr7alLLNlfxmcjFOcQok5OEn8RNG1zOMlT2Jjgr00Ivms6ovZzjpCc1cGVbXroDxcTpsDsec9VsB61vEtYlxuSDNfgxSkFrBKuZhuhUWeAv_MheNEIM4kMaooOvuUYFmFA8fbZMGLe/s1284/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%201..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thirteen Facts About KJV Onlyism By Trinitarian Teacher Dan Corner!" border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1284" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQhHEBeFo6hN6m_MIZE43j7NyAsGZIDfDtHOHlfRSTFBqsmLXu_Wbr7alLLNlfxmcjFOcQok5OEn8RNG1zOMlT2Jjgr00Ivms6ovZzjpCc1cGVbXroDxcTpsDsec9VsB61vEtYlxuSDNfgxSkFrBKuZhuhUWeAv_MheNEIM4kMaooOvuUYFmFA8fbZMGLe/w640-h388/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%201..png" title="Thirteen Facts About KJV Onlyism By Trinitarian Teacher Dan Corner!" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Please click on image to enlarge!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYtQHgSts_o9mlQV5BYQLV-ykp9CWQK4qF-oKVPy-_bf-oFUTgjliEf79QkLe4k-cWTHHKXuJ-CiYf_OL_CWkdkQC7ZutyVzmi0uekFNE3UfGBAYUkyPLMuwSeYJYVDRm39bSz9vyKGbF1qoUDCq9o_BPxio2rAH3P00ZLJqkbY1ukPXl8Cuv7ZaEMTGm/s1303/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner%202..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 2" border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="1303" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYtQHgSts_o9mlQV5BYQLV-ykp9CWQK4qF-oKVPy-_bf-oFUTgjliEf79QkLe4k-cWTHHKXuJ-CiYf_OL_CWkdkQC7ZutyVzmi0uekFNE3UfGBAYUkyPLMuwSeYJYVDRm39bSz9vyKGbF1qoUDCq9o_BPxio2rAH3P00ZLJqkbY1ukPXl8Cuv7ZaEMTGm/w640-h356/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner%202..png" title="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 2" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_2CbmzbMquF10VzKHyTYIjP0WIXOpaL9bRXyz37tQR6cJs2aTfnBQFPLlBVa8SFTt5d6x4Qlvru0LYj5A5sM-pB82h_zPu1Agda7GUYgu_twSM6yeFMyCDl1mKR8ksdC0BDWFK7CwuaMf9mELPnhrxSW2aya3wFbvCzTh6UeatP3GVgFsK4ETSB1_v7I/s1258/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%203.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 3" border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1258" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk_2CbmzbMquF10VzKHyTYIjP0WIXOpaL9bRXyz37tQR6cJs2aTfnBQFPLlBVa8SFTt5d6x4Qlvru0LYj5A5sM-pB82h_zPu1Agda7GUYgu_twSM6yeFMyCDl1mKR8ksdC0BDWFK7CwuaMf9mELPnhrxSW2aya3wFbvCzTh6UeatP3GVgFsK4ETSB1_v7I/w640-h412/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%203.png" title="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 3" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPOzRKekTIDcZhdOQ65E60vM67i50Zl3clG-PkrTi_fuUFA5I3HBlQfL0HxoqWGA5dpMu4Aoo5BaWG63apQrRHxH6PFsEOzj7xIHfOOxEU4TAglsWQFWHUnX9LDPUy1DcomgFUapqaaJi8KWC_yZf9pshcuWl9DZAJs97gyTJJwLbEJaA_AIqqRbH7lTa/s1238/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%204.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 4" border="0" data-original-height="765" data-original-width="1238" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPOzRKekTIDcZhdOQ65E60vM67i50Zl3clG-PkrTi_fuUFA5I3HBlQfL0HxoqWGA5dpMu4Aoo5BaWG63apQrRHxH6PFsEOzj7xIHfOOxEU4TAglsWQFWHUnX9LDPUy1DcomgFUapqaaJi8KWC_yZf9pshcuWl9DZAJs97gyTJJwLbEJaA_AIqqRbH7lTa/w640-h396/The%20KJV%20Only%20Cult%20Dan%20Corner.%204.png" title="The KJV Only Cult Dan Corner 4" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;">PLEASE CLICK HERE to go to Dan Corner's website <a href="https://www.evangelicaloutreach.org/kjvcult.htm">https://www.evangelicaloutreach.org/kjvcult.htm</a></div></span><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Related article:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/04/quick-facts-to-trinitarian-false.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="QUICK FACTS To The Trinitarian FALSE TEACHINGS and FALSE Bible TRANSLATIONS!" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGmXnmvRQ4BBFZ-VevVtxUXThJzYbiGpkDiFmBtY6F2abpf2vSi7NkXKQRNlrvKtmFwOWOEkcNhkRBm3vs2oEwAYIRCuFmW_kqQDJWuI1DYYXe9mCbNh3z0kB8imIG84kRNzKwWD1d2c0k/w640-h360/QUICK+FACTS+To+The+Trinitarian+FALSE+TEACHINGS+and+FALSE+Bible+TRANSLATIONS%2521.jpg" title="QUICK FACTS To The Trinitarian FALSE TEACHINGS and FALSE Bible TRANSLATIONS!" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jude 1:4, is a perfect scripture that seems to make this point very clear.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For certain people have crept in unnoticed who long ago were designated for this condemnation, ungodly people, who pervert the grace of our God into sensuality and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jude 1:4.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In an article called What Is Messiah? Jewish Messiah or Christian God by Rick Richardson, he writes:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In his article Cosmic Codebreaker, Pious Heretic, about Sir Isaac Newton (for Christian History Magazine), Karl Giberson writes: “Newton began a sustained reflection on the Christian doctrines and decided that the Anglican status quo was a thorough corruption of the true, original Christianity.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">These considerations led him to write over a million words on theology and biblical studies—more than he wrote on any other subject. “Newton's theological investigations convinced him that the doctrine of the Trinity was bogus, a successful deception by St. Athanasius in the fourth century.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>Newton argued that the Scriptures had been altered and early Christian writers had been misquoted to make it appear that Trinitarianism had been the original faith.”</b></u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Click on the image below for the full article on Newtons faith!</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/01/sir-isaac-newton-and-albert-einstein.html" style="background-color: white; color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Isaac Newton’s theological investigations convinced him that the doctrine of the Trinity was bogus, a successful deception by St. Athanasius in the fourth century." border="0" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hulABZPtt0w/V9pJdRUxOLI/AAAAAAAACpc/o9Y8YMGaPPQklI61B8-8SAI9SdJeBoA8wCPcB/s640/Sir%2BIsaac%2BNewton_25641%2B%2528Medium%2529.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" title="Isaac Newton’s theological investigations convinced him that the doctrine of the Trinity was bogus, a successful deception by St. Athanasius in the fourth century." width="640" /></a></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-41968613272838725702023-08-08T11:45:00.029-07:002023-08-22T10:56:16.823-07:00Is The "Helper" In John 14:16 The THIRD person of the TRINITY?<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_bu6Q8THxDfiXAerKE5wVC3l7-RsFtggEOO4iVMStQIYvD4BGEM-uoBc4VHFppglunawLo2J1uFsGC9PVYuKtkBOmA8SL3az3CY72A_cAKuRaMqBlPE20vkPwN5rV438fwAQ8ERwuGfhPcZVWZtNcr_nfoR6sFjPkLveS6H0BxMBTzBPBf4arcwm2h4nU/s5312/The%20Helper%20The%20THIRD%20person%20of%20the%20TRINITY%20(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="The "Helper" In John 14:16" border="0" data-original-height="2988" data-original-width="5312" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_bu6Q8THxDfiXAerKE5wVC3l7-RsFtggEOO4iVMStQIYvD4BGEM-uoBc4VHFppglunawLo2J1uFsGC9PVYuKtkBOmA8SL3az3CY72A_cAKuRaMqBlPE20vkPwN5rV438fwAQ8ERwuGfhPcZVWZtNcr_nfoR6sFjPkLveS6H0BxMBTzBPBf4arcwm2h4nU/w640-h360/The%20Helper%20The%20THIRD%20person%20of%20the%20TRINITY%20(2).jpg" title="Is The THIRD person of the TRINITY?" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 14:16.</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And I will ask the Father, and He will give you 👉 <u><b>another Helper,</b></u> 👈 that He may be with you to the age— 17 the Spirit of truth, whom the world is not able to receive, because it does not see Him nor know. But you know Him, for He abides with you and He will be in you.</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">18 I will not leave you as orphans; I am coming to you.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRtBfqrucNC_j3_eZajgKP-aO9ure-H39cMY6XydZZRfORcdg8N_T4KEY8DWQVn7sTjPjxcX7mnkv0Wr4Lz880hZL27tKDzvm3nP96V_V09LdOlvotX9YZF0VitAk9I80boQEruGJZKLs0iYoBBFs0as1J9QMyGRgwO6T7T9AemNSMhncrshlqX8934yW/s998/John%2014:16...png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="The Trinity." border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="998" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTRtBfqrucNC_j3_eZajgKP-aO9ure-H39cMY6XydZZRfORcdg8N_T4KEY8DWQVn7sTjPjxcX7mnkv0Wr4Lz880hZL27tKDzvm3nP96V_V09LdOlvotX9YZF0VitAk9I80boQEruGJZKLs0iYoBBFs0as1J9QMyGRgwO6T7T9AemNSMhncrshlqX8934yW/w640-h490/John%2014:16...png" title="John 14:16." width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">According to the Trinity faith, they say, teach and believe The "Helper" In John 14:16 is the THIRD and a separate person of the TRINITY</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets be sure with what the Trinitarians say, believe and teach by going to <span style="color: #04ff00;">Matthew Poole's Commentary.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This verse containeth a new argument by which our Saviour relieveth his disciples under their affliction for the want of his bodily presence; that is, the mission of the Holy Spirit,</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">another Comforter, as our translation reads it. For this he saith that he will pray the Father; not that himself had no concern in the mission of the blessed Spirit; for himself telleth us, John 16:7, that he would send him; only for the attestation,</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1. Of his human nature;</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2. Of himself, as our Mediator; and:</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3. Of his Father’s concern, as well as his own, in sending the Holy Spirit; he here saith, I will pray the Father, and he shall send you another Comforter.</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">That term</span></p><p><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">another, signifieth the personal distinction of the Third from the First and Second Person in the blessed Trinity. And the name here given to the blessed Spirit, Paraklhton, (which we too narrowly translate comforter), is a term exceedingly proper to signify all the operations of the blessed Spirit in and upon the souls of his people. The same word, 1Jo 2:1, where it is applied to Christ, (as here it is to the Spirit), is there much better translated Advocate; and it is most probable that our translators here translate it.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuODoaQ2VhCwx1GeSaqnrUJPnydeLQCWxWFhVr_YyUvRYkWuxQK8VcbtNFx3nF1eLyN6wvJXyxn5NNUSVL0bI8wbpp5QY2mA_f7wRzh9Y15uIN76dhrdmaBLtJlokwYE4g5h_yegL7uk4WoTN3iXDK7b2zkPZtgV9omuJjit6x4Or-NkuJ7mltS5fURqd/s860/Matthew%20Poole's%20Commentary%20John%2014:16..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="The Trinity." border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="860" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuODoaQ2VhCwx1GeSaqnrUJPnydeLQCWxWFhVr_YyUvRYkWuxQK8VcbtNFx3nF1eLyN6wvJXyxn5NNUSVL0bI8wbpp5QY2mA_f7wRzh9Y15uIN76dhrdmaBLtJlokwYE4g5h_yegL7uk4WoTN3iXDK7b2zkPZtgV9omuJjit6x4Or-NkuJ7mltS5fURqd/w640-h590/Matthew%20Poole's%20Commentary%20John%2014:16..png" title="John 14:6 Matthew Poole's Commentary." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the Trinity faith correct?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is The "Helper" In John 14:16 The THIRD and separate person of the TRINITY?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets have a look, at the word of God.</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said: And I will ask the Father, and He will give you another 👉<u>Helper,</u>👈 that He may be with you to the age. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-sgg5Skq6KxCBwkuyJPj7Y2OcNCRbbUB8BMrwLdBN0_MKD2TkVMfSWuOxcEat4TFA78z3yMeVx6C7AItWDAoz-XHWKxP56xCQiwXPuC3Q5MmdqFifxGJhriszq5GnKfC_8um1JJ6ZC58SntbXngLyFTT_oQN8hC7FeOpaLDoLbYzFxtqRAwswKwAbdPC/s1355/John%2014:16%20Greek%20text....png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="John 14:6" border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="1355" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-sgg5Skq6KxCBwkuyJPj7Y2OcNCRbbUB8BMrwLdBN0_MKD2TkVMfSWuOxcEat4TFA78z3yMeVx6C7AItWDAoz-XHWKxP56xCQiwXPuC3Q5MmdqFifxGJhriszq5GnKfC_8um1JJ6ZC58SntbXngLyFTT_oQN8hC7FeOpaLDoLbYzFxtqRAwswKwAbdPC/w640-h352/John%2014:16%20Greek%20text....png" title="John 14:6 Greek text." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The question is: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And who will be another Helper?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Was Jesus talking about Himself, as being the <span style="color: red;">HELPER</span>?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the answer in 1 John 2:1?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets have a look.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSuKpiFzIIt4I9M6Rqpjj-9NI5NKNWi-QixP9lOqjithZD7q7u32agPS7RH-NoIxTZlYNAGXxEMU9tVXh4Vc9XTPUxUEQm5pW_RCriZMruKLxvWHAVCYVJT3_S0lZ2Q_PSG-k7lwVqt_16QKHAn3fOnvqlCgCS6_jrKTCIXYeW-zha2AeRsy4_lc7Jd7uF" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 John 2:1" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="1144" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhSuKpiFzIIt4I9M6Rqpjj-9NI5NKNWi-QixP9lOqjithZD7q7u32agPS7RH-NoIxTZlYNAGXxEMU9tVXh4Vc9XTPUxUEQm5pW_RCriZMruKLxvWHAVCYVJT3_S0lZ2Q_PSG-k7lwVqt_16QKHAn3fOnvqlCgCS6_jrKTCIXYeW-zha2AeRsy4_lc7Jd7uF=w640-h106" title="1 John 2:1" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My little children, I am writing these things to you so that you might not sin. And if anyone should sin, <b>we have an👉 <u>advocate</u> 👈with the Father, Jesus Christ the Righteous One.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNmCgJFUvaG_VQd_PFaz-q8-mvANKjOTE_lbTV_cAhTzXNn3sBn2OGZSv8wroHbafJTFZCadcfezZhnr_OfGVscI1Uyb466yw5qi_Hh56Shi5G0O6-8-ol8J9bXJhOKy4lSkEM1aQ1_4ZQNhJqS7eN9y3BcnR3eBIZG9ZfDdEnnTYHN7YyVkF_PJtXtsEx/s1328/1%20John%202:1%20copy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 John 2:1" border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1328" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNmCgJFUvaG_VQd_PFaz-q8-mvANKjOTE_lbTV_cAhTzXNn3sBn2OGZSv8wroHbafJTFZCadcfezZhnr_OfGVscI1Uyb466yw5qi_Hh56Shi5G0O6-8-ol8J9bXJhOKy4lSkEM1aQ1_4ZQNhJqS7eN9y3BcnR3eBIZG9ZfDdEnnTYHN7YyVkF_PJtXtsEx/w640-h354/1%20John%202:1%20copy.png" title="1 John 2:1 Greek text." width="640" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">: <u><b><span style="color: red;">we have an "advocate" with the Father, Jesus Christ the Righteous One.</span></b></u></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Could the <span style="color: red;">"Helper"</span> in John 14:16 be the same<span style="color: red;"> ''</span><span style="color: red;">advocate''</span> in 1 John 2:1?</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9TdiyigwoMt70IbNZhGuFtyo6lJRZw7U2z1lSuBnsUWc8CJcyom_0K1pO_3lyPMb-EsCAaLFR408HOWPwZsmP4vbvUBk7LP3Z0tNNpNdGRaZI1xVQru0FT7A3t3VbUFaOPRAx5G_avTt2IYUCbRxeiukEU1OVJ_CB7xJXJBfDoFGKcTdxNqlkNTZUQA1K/s1402/John%2014:16%20Greek%20text.%20copy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Helper John 14:6, advocate 1 John 2:1." border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1402" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9TdiyigwoMt70IbNZhGuFtyo6lJRZw7U2z1lSuBnsUWc8CJcyom_0K1pO_3lyPMb-EsCAaLFR408HOWPwZsmP4vbvUBk7LP3Z0tNNpNdGRaZI1xVQru0FT7A3t3VbUFaOPRAx5G_avTt2IYUCbRxeiukEU1OVJ_CB7xJXJBfDoFGKcTdxNqlkNTZUQA1K/w640-h368/John%2014:16%20Greek%20text.%20copy.png" title="Helper John 14:6, advocate 1 John 2:1." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><p>Lets now have a look at the Greek word for <span style="color: red;">"advocate"</span> in 1 John 2:1, and see what we discover.</p></span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUHwYyk8gAANgsN6A_ZcgGRNso-wBUDoYGm6E28K4ajRVrb-WoUhfaQd_PaADIgT_RNb-8wDDA9c05Jrmb9zVYrji_S1Fwxmlr9waK6QzB8YhPbv0t6DO6qMWqOZ_1DJUbF4m621sSuBHItgclBk9krHGffDhj-ubsGBPGL5pSzPWfw2UP04-7yKzI3F-/s1349/HELPER,%20COMFORTER..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Helper, advocate." border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1349" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUHwYyk8gAANgsN6A_ZcgGRNso-wBUDoYGm6E28K4ajRVrb-WoUhfaQd_PaADIgT_RNb-8wDDA9c05Jrmb9zVYrji_S1Fwxmlr9waK6QzB8YhPbv0t6DO6qMWqOZ_1DJUbF4m621sSuBHItgclBk9krHGffDhj-ubsGBPGL5pSzPWfw2UP04-7yKzI3F-/w640-h388/HELPER,%20COMFORTER..png" title="Helper, advocate." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><p>As we see, the Greek word John 14:16 for <span style="color: red;">"HELPER"</span> is <span style="color: red;">Παράκλητον.</span></p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let us now have a look at the Greek word in 1 John 2:1, saying <span style="color: red;">*advocate* </span>and see what we discover!</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEM7VCt8d6pBUv44tjpCZTMoip2COkmQHAbOGUcnPIaBR-36uRXV0SmNtD_Lk2DvdkdQPQY82zpfDbXsEC8AnYzBHSCkMCM4P4SS8t5IB_H5hbBNhHliRQrMtQWkbwgek23VCMbZ-KnY9RDPRBuuXw5xvqs29K52CwTcXlFDsnLmH2MFTEFKstnCwP_-Ze/s1328/1%20John%202:1%20copy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="1 John 2:1 advocate." border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1328" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEM7VCt8d6pBUv44tjpCZTMoip2COkmQHAbOGUcnPIaBR-36uRXV0SmNtD_Lk2DvdkdQPQY82zpfDbXsEC8AnYzBHSCkMCM4P4SS8t5IB_H5hbBNhHliRQrMtQWkbwgek23VCMbZ-KnY9RDPRBuuXw5xvqs29K52CwTcXlFDsnLmH2MFTEFKstnCwP_-Ze/w640-h354/1%20John%202:1%20copy.png" title="1 John 2:1 advocate." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we have seen. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Greek word for <span style="color: red;">*advocate* </span>in 1 John 2:1, is <span style="color: red;">Παράκλητον,</span> which is the IDENTICAL Greek word for <span style="color: red;">HELPER</span> in John 14:16 also saying <span style="color: red;">Παράκλητον.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets now move forward to the next part in John 14:16, saying: <span style="color: red;">that He may be with you to the age.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDpr3U-BOg6osfTp-DuJkTqUBcqsWfDdATjhjBTkdqKr569EzvxFSY45xdq8IkbNb6o_JlNRWsB-d996i_w-zB8xcS4GRmWTQxBJwM4ST7qkrYI-RJEErbFp-uBo5rNEAgzweTyFXGZvap0h1MllA0Y_MVB--xIE0766eTQuI5-g4uwsXz6otgCIGsV-v6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 14:16," data-original-height="183" data-original-width="1227" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjDpr3U-BOg6osfTp-DuJkTqUBcqsWfDdATjhjBTkdqKr569EzvxFSY45xdq8IkbNb6o_JlNRWsB-d996i_w-zB8xcS4GRmWTQxBJwM4ST7qkrYI-RJEErbFp-uBo5rNEAgzweTyFXGZvap0h1MllA0Y_MVB--xIE0766eTQuI5-g4uwsXz6otgCIGsV-v6=w640-h96" title="John 14:16," width="640" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><br />Who could Jesus be referring to by saying: </span><span style="color: red;"> <span style="color: red;">that He may be with you to the age?</span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the answer in Matthew 28:20?</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">teaching them to observe all things, whatever I commanded you. And behold, I am with you all the days, until the completion of the <u><b>"age."</b></u></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b></b></u></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinp8X1lZoez67toMnrV05ilFxmOBnkJNr3o0cK898WANZdQn9qRZBu-gssIBVLCcdAvZQju9m0fIANXJmfU3uYXBjcwUd2XfqCUT1uMJ39gHdIaxg64Blli4FPBYtWSvvnfioyPAc7KqLyoW1XY1WJ604ucRH1JYXeIGyUDNDnptqs8iRDFqWYyGQpVtrt"><img alt="Matthew 28:20" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="1310" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinp8X1lZoez67toMnrV05ilFxmOBnkJNr3o0cK898WANZdQn9qRZBu-gssIBVLCcdAvZQju9m0fIANXJmfU3uYXBjcwUd2XfqCUT1uMJ39gHdIaxg64Blli4FPBYtWSvvnfioyPAc7KqLyoW1XY1WJ604ucRH1JYXeIGyUDNDnptqs8iRDFqWYyGQpVtrt=w640-h254" title="Matthew 28:20" width="640" /></a></b></u></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that? </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 14:16 says: <span style="color: red;">that He </span><span>(Jesus)</span><span style="color: red;"> may be with you to the <u><b>age.</b></u></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And in Matthew 28:20, we also read Jesus saying: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">And behold, I am with you all the days, until the completion of the <u><b>"age."</b></u></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let's now continue to move forward to verse John 14:17 saying: <span style="color: red;">the Spirit of truth, whom the world is not able to receive, because it does not see Him nor know.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEirJZMwKmzTylNEVECfe9gYK18EGisYqevjjctpsEGnytvfsPToaz_AoK_-Niu9QQ2BQIx2EUqaLwcq7Wpiav-BcQsyAhG03JibBiFGjqHZQ_AmCyCU0Wb7PGaEkbHKO9keeozQe6-HXsfyErPPzFRq0Uvt4VknYfzPf13NmjFpLPqMg1u1ZcTL0ko1AoVA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 14:17" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="1263" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEirJZMwKmzTylNEVECfe9gYK18EGisYqevjjctpsEGnytvfsPToaz_AoK_-Niu9QQ2BQIx2EUqaLwcq7Wpiav-BcQsyAhG03JibBiFGjqHZQ_AmCyCU0Wb7PGaEkbHKO9keeozQe6-HXsfyErPPzFRq0Uvt4VknYfzPf13NmjFpLPqMg1u1ZcTL0ko1AoVA=w640-h98" title="John 14:17" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>Who could John 14:17 be referring to saying: <span style="color: red;">the Spirit of truth, whom the world is not able to receive, because it does not see Him nor know.</span></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Is the answer in John 1:10?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets have a look:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">9 The true Light who enlightens every man was coming into the world. 10 He was in the world, and the world came into being through Him, and the world did not know Him. 11 He came to the own, and the own did not receive Him.</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir0Vl4GglqqTKoHooIDOXRf-YPPVZ2CV-fj1Pk04NACaZUveDxJXvmf7eE-bcHKeMfnBI8BLlwLY4L2OiyzTYqmQ9V3IjEofA1k2srel28lLlTO2LI135FpcsqNhcLUnhkNRi_1902hGYsAYKA5ZiuZN6Wup7Lb2FqVhjI-y8X5JKPK_G3SqnJ8VeURKN7" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:10" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="1362" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir0Vl4GglqqTKoHooIDOXRf-YPPVZ2CV-fj1Pk04NACaZUveDxJXvmf7eE-bcHKeMfnBI8BLlwLY4L2OiyzTYqmQ9V3IjEofA1k2srel28lLlTO2LI135FpcsqNhcLUnhkNRi_1902hGYsAYKA5ZiuZN6Wup7Lb2FqVhjI-y8X5JKPK_G3SqnJ8VeURKN7=w640-h86" title="John 1:10" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that?</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and the world did not know Him. 11 He came to the own, and the own did not receive Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:10 is telling us the same thing we read in John 14:17 saying: <span style="color: red;">the Spirit of truth, whom the world is not able to receive, because it does not see Him nor know.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets again move forward to the next part in verse John 14:17 saying: <span style="color: red;">But you know Him, for He abides with you and He will be in you.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Who could Jesus be referring to saying: <span style="color: red;">But you know Him, for He abides with you?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, I think we can all agree Jesus is referring to Himself, and the disciples: <span style="color: red;">He abides with you, </span>Jesus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We continue, John 14:17 <span style="color: red;">and He will be in you.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">WHO is Jesus referring to by saying: <span style="color: red;">and He will be in you?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets turn to John 14:23:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus answered and said to him, "If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word, and My Father will love him, and we will come to him and will make a home with him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0Yrdi3MqgAwJ_z6wH4-FErnfNWWPr_aB02zfmu6nYQMVglLBwgQnHNb804yECvh2t7Th6q1Cf0xYp0ffKaaFjTRxgHBSPMS6Eiw4x5O4G_y10M3VppQUpOxE0Ddupi7RzbrTnmZlh9RBlWlBFUWeZoWwC38lVBagRRpono2mwLOg_hHS2cJNZIHuNE8-s" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 14:23" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="1401" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi0Yrdi3MqgAwJ_z6wH4-FErnfNWWPr_aB02zfmu6nYQMVglLBwgQnHNb804yECvh2t7Th6q1Cf0xYp0ffKaaFjTRxgHBSPMS6Eiw4x5O4G_y10M3VppQUpOxE0Ddupi7RzbrTnmZlh9RBlWlBFUWeZoWwC38lVBagRRpono2mwLOg_hHS2cJNZIHuNE8-s=w640-h90" title="John 14:23" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br />Did you see that?</span><p></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and we will come to him and will make a home with him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But there is more in the very next verse of John 14:18 saying: <span style="color: red;">I will not leave you as orphans; I am coming to you </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCqAQ4oI3NSlImlZVb936Inwo3wMC6P3hNhYeQ0ct1SyXWIu0ZjqUy0KCRuZgrgkP55cXHOiLyxO5qJQQ6TF_fH1MRZ4fsR88igzlwGnVdQUzr71c1Ii3AiKkrqYUoo1UY1Cm_BPcXivL_H1cTeRoCTdApNm9uMvJWL8SLLEYkpkzV1uHjXSJw_HPqpqa_"><img alt="John 14:18" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="1131" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCqAQ4oI3NSlImlZVb936Inwo3wMC6P3hNhYeQ0ct1SyXWIu0ZjqUy0KCRuZgrgkP55cXHOiLyxO5qJQQ6TF_fH1MRZ4fsR88igzlwGnVdQUzr71c1Ii3AiKkrqYUoo1UY1Cm_BPcXivL_H1cTeRoCTdApNm9uMvJWL8SLLEYkpkzV1uHjXSJw_HPqpqa_=w640-h100" title="John 14:18" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Who is Jesus now talking about?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The answer is in the very next verse of John 14:19 saying: <span style="color: red;">Yet a little while, and the world sees Me no more, but you see Me. Because I live, you also will live.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUgRqmCJBBIv1ac12dbO6J3T3IsVA5GTHiab5DK0jod26LOQF62t3G00Jj94xeI96VzyQFKRSrfz81XRCQMPzDtobyc-91gZ2iyOo2pFEdM75KMF-wlPn1qBsJ9iUKj_WAxjFh1kUL-xatZ_CYtvbV8ZjcotdYkFyMdDlfv-B9kEiNe4bWQMOjZfOQy4gt" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 14:19" data-original-height="164" data-original-width="1342" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUgRqmCJBBIv1ac12dbO6J3T3IsVA5GTHiab5DK0jod26LOQF62t3G00Jj94xeI96VzyQFKRSrfz81XRCQMPzDtobyc-91gZ2iyOo2pFEdM75KMF-wlPn1qBsJ9iUKj_WAxjFh1kUL-xatZ_CYtvbV8ZjcotdYkFyMdDlfv-B9kEiNe4bWQMOjZfOQy4gt=w640-h78" title="John 14:19" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Lets recap on what we have seen and read.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1. The Greek word <span style="color: red;">Παράκλητον</span>, for <span style="color: red;">HELPER</span> in John 14:16, is the IDENTICAL Greek word in 1 John 2:1 also saying <span style="color: red;">Παράκλητον </span>for <span style="color: red;">*advocate*</span>, which we know applies to Jesus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2. In John 14:16, Jesus told us how the Helper, would be: <span style="color: red;">with you to the age.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Agreeing with the same person in Matthew 28:20 being Jesus saying: <span style="color: red;"> I am with you all the days, until the completion of the "age."</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3. The Spirit of truth, in John 14:17<span style="color: red;"> whom the world is not able to receive, because it does not see Him nor know,</span> agrees with what we read in John 1:10, telling us how: <span style="color: red;">the world did not know Him (Jesus). 11 He came to the own, and the own did not receive Him, </span>we also know is Jesus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">4. In John 14:17 saying: <span style="color: red;">But you know Him, for He abides with you and He will be in you.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Agree with John 14:23:<span style="color: red;"> J</span><span style="color: red;">esus answered and said to him, "If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word, and My Father will love him, and we will come to him and will make a home with him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Conclusion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we have seen in the Biblical facts, how The <span style="color: red;">"Helper" </span>In John 14:16 seems to NOT be a THIRD separate person of the TRINITY!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But the <span style="color: red;">"Helper"</span> is the <span style="color: red;">*advocate*</span>, which seems to be applied to Jesus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, you decide.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Romans 8:9 </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now you are not in flesh but in Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you; <u><b>but if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he is not of Him.</b></u></span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><a name='more'></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/02/most-of-christianity-believe-in-false.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="MOST of Christianity believe in a false Christ!" border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="800" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdFOlElUGSUEh_hREzecIz5rLLi9AZOLKfycTEotu4zEhW-uxzpVhMzDYnIK0VyLzLkuQhY_UcnevZV27eT6cBc_OxBkYeK4beM_TBdED1RHCY467I_8NMa6D7Lj6_WtvoN_cki_x-rPEC8dSNBZtUDApLa1cyQWKteadviCMROArTNyQ8-eaBWx5ldA=w640-h358" title="MOST of Christianity believe in a false Christ!" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/09/what-is-holy-spirit.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="What is the Holy Spirit?" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil6l4W9vnW_gGqk-75H3mn_SBqrmoUYvyUvLkJWuXzxUv9x7GEGLgghW1LC8rNgwR9q7y7OhhflWDK-vKk6b4roMmdLlf6yo0_p52poFIWnwQFgDr5Nz9dOrcBCbXQKZJyiZ7aMc3oNoOo/w640-h360/What+is+the+Holy+Spirit.jpg" title="What is the Holy Spirit?" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For a great article please click <a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/what-is-the-holy-spirit">here:</a> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">What is the Holy Spirit?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/what-is-the-holy-spirit">https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/what-is-the-holy-spirit</a></span></p><div><br /></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-76002691504313312102023-08-03T09:18:00.003-07:002023-08-03T10:29:11.000-07:00Trinity teacher David Pawson says (Gods) created the world!<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZs0Z6pxJlGGOnwHusS4pBjW3DWVBaydviKGrpZTPWeJ8_JflyExDmV0Nls4TVupgkEZlgIu7Q-ki2eiGz2orqSkxnoqj3tEF2rFsG5GN4PaJJRyw0xCNuftMYHORhBORopS9WeoD3_UeRiXn8XgiJ5q05hwdKsSjSz-LvtbjAdmc5QDfBElbcJd-37hjs/s1362/Trinity%20teacher%20David%20Pawson%20says%20(Gods)%20created%20the%20world,.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Trinity teacher David Pawson says (Gods) created the world," border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="1362" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZs0Z6pxJlGGOnwHusS4pBjW3DWVBaydviKGrpZTPWeJ8_JflyExDmV0Nls4TVupgkEZlgIu7Q-ki2eiGz2orqSkxnoqj3tEF2rFsG5GN4PaJJRyw0xCNuftMYHORhBORopS9WeoD3_UeRiXn8XgiJ5q05hwdKsSjSz-LvtbjAdmc5QDfBElbcJd-37hjs/w640-h362/Trinity%20teacher%20David%20Pawson%20says%20(Gods)%20created%20the%20world,.png" title="Trinity teacher David Pawson says (Gods) created the world," width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Welcome back.</span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In my last video, </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/KeEIJ5hq3w8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHEN DID (ELOHIM GOD) BECOME PLURAL FOR GODS?" border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="1382" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudPQZAQ-SB3edn6nO8022gu-hV93sA-Lsop_B8RWCnAxpA2Iy0-Uu8KMNjfp2a-JBpFHvd7N7lWnCshFPG8NG8MVMyo-XRiaqLMap7hZpAYaxwtMvtq7M0MJHN5Qpqdzg_h5KkNvCwqKwmvHVl7ZWqxzo1nb9oVRHlJwHBrlNU6LnE99Fww0c0rKYvxk0/w640-h358/WHEN%20DID%20(ELOHIM%20GOD)%20BECOME%20PLURAL%20FOR%20GODS%EF%80%A5..png" title="WHEN DID (ELOHIM GOD) BECOME PLURAL FOR GODS?" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Please click on the image above to watch this video on you tube. </span><a href="https://youtu.be/KeEIJ5hq3w8" style="font-size: x-large;">https://youtu.be/KeEIJ5hq3w8</a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We saw how the TRINITY faith say, believe and teach, how the word (Elohim is plural), meaning more than one, and so supporting the Trinity faith, saying GOD is more then one.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But as we saw, if it were true, that Elohim is plural, meaning more than one, that would also mean (Elohim God), in Genesis 1:1, would say (Gods) instead of GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets now move to a Trinitarian teacher David Pawson, who certainly does teach (Gods), created the world, and not one God, therefore contradicting the word of GOD, and contradicting their own TRINITY faith!</span></p><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">To see this original video, please click on the link below!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/dLrv2UqPoIw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="David Pawson & Answers in Genesis GIVE FALSE TEACHINGS on the TRINITY," data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgk1UJWAnNyhfjt2BLeqgVXSbPsTu1bTgRx74eohJhaTuBUFcg9aKA4PmcEKcticKBy5hyUJhWDI2e9qrfBRrvcCUiEvr8mRV8oaW7J8ouHOhmKRBs8bMmi7wlTD28pQAHEcDyIuRMGDJZd9DRWRuHSgebphtyuUzv-wEghfA-qsz3T8hfqPA6DeVBTS3wh=w640-h360" title="David Pawson & Answers in Genesis GIVE FALSE TEACHINGS on the TRINITY," width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Related articles</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-pagan-gods-and-catholic-trinity.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY. Revised Video on You Tube!" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEWr4rKp6o11y8KY6zcRVA41cLa15XcRALHvRZab6X1nkul6Zz0AjGvnDf5DkTFSwX4RopgV5AtGTEXWl_Fkec8HrC46nqTmrELfhsVoYpk9VsCiSqLOd-mhYYGQ5L-ZL_yyZinpZIhkqmYBUQ-kzp6GOkiFwKmNbDcwrj9-l-j2rXoCmigTrT1euDnw/w640-h360/The%20PAGAN%20gods%20and%20The%20Catholic%20TRINITY..jpg" title="The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY. Revised Video on You Tube!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/how-many-contradictions-are-there-in.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How many CONTRADICTIONS are there in the TRINITY faith?" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOYUkb-33mSFKAy212v9js96wn4EeelDzItmfowVFphOz4O6ExQjhStGSH6gp8whdRAYGWG5MjX57u28S-mRbeKuyg3zpPgzuCGHBEG1QbfJkQcJ6z3TAFmN3DvVxVpL16RkEwr__WCN_q/w640-h360/How+many+CONTRADICTIONS+in+the+TRINITY+faith.jpg" title="How many CONTRADICTIONS are there in the TRINITY faith?" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-26061155960396490212023-07-30T10:07:00.006-07:002023-07-30T10:59:44.642-07:00Is GOD ONE or THREE PERSONS?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhomZEPiY3QVFmZ43hsov7LjlTagMTtWrXyGH-IAWfEonjcYkbJb94kF-k33wy2HneVdxbmAWlVa-bFiBIrsH9PzG3PUcBRTZDr79vBLTk8kg_27Vda4hQTsj3_fXfizCC48tlnj7zh5QlRNt7yCGnGi4vszlLLpR0vRMmx7HKT_fDrjWLklqjSKIQLxVZJ/s1356/Is%20GOD%20ONE%20or%20THREE%20PERSONS%EF%80%A5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Is GOD ONE or THREE PERSONS?" border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="1356" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhomZEPiY3QVFmZ43hsov7LjlTagMTtWrXyGH-IAWfEonjcYkbJb94kF-k33wy2HneVdxbmAWlVa-bFiBIrsH9PzG3PUcBRTZDr79vBLTk8kg_27Vda4hQTsj3_fXfizCC48tlnj7zh5QlRNt7yCGnGi4vszlLLpR0vRMmx7HKT_fDrjWLklqjSKIQLxVZJ/w640-h358/Is%20GOD%20ONE%20or%20THREE%20PERSONS%EF%80%A5.png" title="Is GOD ONE or THREE PERSONS?" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><p>Deuteronomy 6:4 tells us Yahweh GOD is ONE PERSON:</p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Hear, Israel: Yahweh is our God. Yahweh is ONE.</span> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Which means ONE PERSON!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If GOD was THREE PERSONS called the TRINITY, Deuteronomy 6:4 would instead say: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Hear, Israel: Yahweh is our God. Yahweh is</span> THREE. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Deuteronomy 6:4 is also confirmed by Jesus in Mark 12:29</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Jesus answered, "The foremost is, 'Hear this O Israel: The Lord our God is 👉ONE 👉Lord,</span> again which means 👉ONE PERSON! 👈 NOT TWO OR THREE</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If GOD was THREE PERSONS called the TRINITY, Jesus would have instead said: <span style="color: red;">The foremost is, 'Hear this O Israel: The Lord our God is</span> 👉THREE!</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">To say and believe GOD is THREE PERSONS, is to believe in a false God, instead of The ONE TRUE GOD!</span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Related article:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/is-god-person.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="IS GOD A PERSON?" border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="640" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs5MUyfTlrnm0-oCi_oz56XV10G2xLp8NE9EXF-tCpK-INEleS9k_9ht56LJfoQo3N7Ql-u44kinCNyBLP3wN3eI6vj6bS6IzX0YlIuA5QF5YvMptDzCm8fc5vZhMBL2Rfc-0pxphWazGv/w640-h356/IS+GOD+A+PERSON..jpg" title="IS GOD A PERSON?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/11/scriptures-proving-yahweh-one-true-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="SCRIPTURES Proving Yahweh The One True GOD Of Israel Is The CREATOR ALONE." border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="640" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3rb8maC8pvgGEESB3Hlfvvu2_09NGQXu2lOZO6-FJF98oH_QuVdXWtnkqB8cbFB2oTG0L3XbaOj3OTuP1UVidlyzGRyHxGb0A-tmSLtfXCgjzeuHnJNiy-gvSFltvSCCxZ-AnYS5xChnz/w640-h356/SCRIPTURES+Proving+Yahweh+The+One+True+GOD+Of+Israel+Is+The+CREATOR+ALONE..jpg" title="SCRIPTURES Proving Yahweh The One True GOD Of Israel Is The CREATOR ALONE." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/12/how-does-gods-name-disprove-trinity.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="HOW DOES GODS NAME DISPROVE THE TRINITY?" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNabcZ-c99aPz_g7yPX3cmCyt1izC46oDlyIU0Xuw0-cmkcTkn7Ml_YV4EI0BH2u73LV_DSuLZAeShmidAlFUebseiBY8oMgg4S_3Ur6hTeFNIGBXX3FlVcssgwLSzhmW8RgJ0I_zQDS72WPDZH21nItJTY2Ru25RjPbi1Sebh81icqfq2OukPEyyPtw=w640-h358" title="HOW DOES GODS NAME DISPROVE THE TRINITY?" width="640" /></a></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-623763812517485822023-07-24T14:52:00.027-07:002023-07-28T11:57:04.012-07:00 The Biblical Facts Jesus Is Not GOD Or An Angel, Or Pre-existed His flesh! <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbGpLnbWUz2lB--BdWvekqRSpiIG8B3291U7HrUxNnBeA85-DJZC6zDm8w-bGo0GpEQ2TKly8FTwP-FW2zrvUhkpOMazD-fNQ9xFCE27ouUjzZeAwcuK9-0VGHaVULkT3H6MB1nGEiq94ys7aCDSaEUrxxVyPlvuIjD1YELPDOkHe-JaT47N4vPHhGC8J/s1383/The%20Biblical%20Facts%20Jesus%20Is%20Not%20GOD%20Or%20An%20Angel,%20Or%20Pre-existed%20His%20flesh!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Biblical Facts Jesus Is Not GOD Or An Angel, Or Pre-existed His flesh!" border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1383" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFbGpLnbWUz2lB--BdWvekqRSpiIG8B3291U7HrUxNnBeA85-DJZC6zDm8w-bGo0GpEQ2TKly8FTwP-FW2zrvUhkpOMazD-fNQ9xFCE27ouUjzZeAwcuK9-0VGHaVULkT3H6MB1nGEiq94ys7aCDSaEUrxxVyPlvuIjD1YELPDOkHe-JaT47N4vPHhGC8J/w640-h360/The%20Biblical%20Facts%20Jesus%20Is%20Not%20GOD%20Or%20An%20Angel,%20Or%20Pre-existed%20His%20flesh!.png" title="The Biblical Facts Jesus Is Not GOD Or An Angel, Or Pre-existed His flesh!" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">This page is still under construction please come back.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">By Simon Brown</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In the beginning was GOD's word, not GOD's Son, John 1:1, Genesis 1: 3<span style="color: red;"> And God said.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is The (<span style="color: red;">Word of GOD</span>), NOT GOD the Word, John 1:14, Revelation 19:13.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD did not become flesh, or is He a MAN, or a Son of MAN. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">The Word of GOD became the MAN Jesus, Numbers 23:19, John 1:14.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">If Jesus were Michael the Archangel, John 1:14 would say: and Michael the Archangel became flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD the Father, John 1:14 would say: And GOD the Father became flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The True Jesus was foreknown, not Pre-existing, 1 Peter 1:20.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nowhere in the whole Bible does it say Jesus was going ''BACK'' or ''RETURNING'' to the Father. John 13:3,John 16:28.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In the beginning GOD spoke through the prophets, not through the Son Hebrews 1:1.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD spoke through His SON in the last days, not in the beginning of days Hebrews 1:2.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD The Son cannot be the SON of GOD, because The Son would instead be the Son of Himself.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD gave His SON, not Himself. John 3:16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If the Father were the SON, why would the Father need to come as the SON?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Why would we need a Mediator to get to GOD, if Jesus were already GOD?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">No one has ever seen GOD at any time, John 1:1, 1 John 4:12, contrary to the fact that Jesus has been seen thousands of times.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus has a GOD, so Jesus cant be that GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Humans and Angels must not worship Angels, proving Jesus was not an Angel. Revelation 22:9.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Only Begotten Son was Begotten, GOD is not Begotten, but always was.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The true Jesus was BORN from GOD, not from eternity.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is The (Son of Man), GOD is not a Son of man Numbers 23:19</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus must be a MAN and not GOD, to be a Mediator between GOD and Man.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Jesus is the second and last perfect Adam, so as Adam did not pre-exist, nor did </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the second, and last perfect Adam.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus freely gave His life, which would not be possible if Jesus were GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is never called The Almighty GOD, but the SON of the Almighty GOD, John 10:36.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Almighty GOD never ever said He was the Son, just as the Son never ever said He was GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said He could do nothing on His own proving He was not Almighty GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus will hand over the world back to GOD, but should be back to Himself if Jesus were already GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD is ONE person, that's why GOD is called The ''ONE TRUE GOD'' John 17:3.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">THREE separate persons who are each GOD, makes THREE GODS, and not One GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nowhere in the Word of GOD does it say GOD is THREE persons.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In John 14:11 Jesus tells us He is "IN" the Father and the Father is ''IN'' Him. If Jesus were GOD that would make TWO GODS.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nowhere in the Word of GOD does it say the Holy Spirit is a separate person.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There is no separate Holy Spirit in John 1:1, or John 10:30, or on GOD's throne, or anywhere in the whole Bible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nowhere in the Word of GOD does it say Jesus is the creator.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nowhere in the Word of GOD does it say Jesus was GOD and a MAN, or had two natures.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">A Pre-existing Jesus could not be The True Christ, because The True Christ came into existence in the women's womb as The Son of MAN.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Christ never means I AM GOD, but means (The anointed one of GOD).</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In John 8:58 Jesus said: <span style="color: red;">(I am).</span> NOT I Existed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 8:58, (I am) means (I am the one), as seen in John 4:6. NOT I AM GOD, or ALIVE before being born.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Notice how Jesus tells us in John 8:56 </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;">Abraham your father rejoiced in that he should see My day--and he saw it and rejoiced."</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you notice how nothing was said by Jesus saying He was ALIVE and saw Abraham, which should be the case if Jesus meant what most believe that Jesus was GOD or ALIVE with GOD before He was Begotten?</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Thanks to GOD through Christ!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because of GOD, Jesus will live for eternity, proving Jesus is not GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because of Jesus, we can come to know the One True GOD and father of creation.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because of Jesus, the saved will live for eternity, so lets thank GOD for Jesus, for eternity.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>What GOD and Christ do you know?</b></u></span></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;">Related articles:</div></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/is-jesus-michael-angel.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!" border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="800" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ESFJvM_LycEm4IHNxZ9oGkf3WlTXiU48aXyuRpoHTl0Py-PnwAVtwb_4FUuySYSPF8apS9dwqeY7JBWKlAk7PmOwfwnjVHHIjYklp5SI-k3WRp_AAtazOOmXjb9Yavc11nwtz4mFreGxvASjV61JZUYPWNBP5CgmrM1M2SZ06ZHlskEltDeGHc5MQA/w640-h358/Is%20Jesus%20Michael%20The%20Archangel.png" title="Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/05/why-colossians-116-is-not-about-genesis.html#more" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVby6tRR9t30pXtsLiVyrvXDDBpuhKfQboxIkxmEUkLPeQry9q9oilr9jtRa9KOaKGmCvaRd4vkj5Y7djOulZCtxzkCyGbwshqODt4Z6QZBNLxf6Ww-JQ5vsCz7vFSczH2O1OYbaL2WGQ3zhs6DP69O6GgeqiCFrwTZ2Li2MYn5qurVz0wReODxOaJzA/w640-h358/WHY%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A216%20is%20NOT%20about%20the%20Genesis%20Creation.%20.png" title="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/who-is-true-and-only-begotten-son-of-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnH3zspWbYKYepqTuheXsXC_P86AEMjpsT2LHrOHnzZ8KQU12bcy40D_DJ4oSU8U1zaHY5n26KIjX1DA8TA9T7CeWTkjI1fCAAgRBXTh9mz0qgCYYEmpEXZIDTtqX-crENYExf9UzmRG2/w640-h358/WHO+IS+THE+TRUE+AND+ONLY+BEGOTTEN+SON+OF+GOD..jpg" title="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/11/salvation-what-must-we-believe.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="SALVATION, WHAT MUST WE BELIEVE?" border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="638" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTAEXXw_Mt2GGAc3OZXnNE4PG1U43aQsghdbfw92U9JQeYU3UjX1w73KHRK7DKJgQVpY9JpdxWqigdXD4gThE287Aj894n8X7wgJ46gK7BnmuNuBbmrxbvVLpZffVNyJ0mufbxO63ssixw/w640-h358/SALVATION%252C+WHAT+MUST+WE+BELIEVE..jpg" title="SALVATION, WHAT MUST WE BELIEVE?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/03/hebrews-11-and-2-proves-jesus-did-not.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="HEBREWS 1:1 and 1:2 PROVES JESUS DID NOT PRE-EXIST HIS FLESH." border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="640" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNX1Oqy9QdFqlQ5sg2zn9Mb3zhcIo_nlJy0i8yKC7xVz-A9QtaO0h0zp72g1Rl_C8-aR7YNyzfSDQ8fbOmA8QpP45FDdSJLIFIYqqESTGYuG43XfO51KR2YHoE3txmrZzd1voov5_iB4G7/w640-h398/Hebrews+1%253A1%252C+and+1%253A2%252C+PROVES+Jesus+DID+NOT+PR-+EXIST+His+flesh%2521.png" title="HEBREWS 1:1 and 1:2 PROVES JESUS DID NOT PRE-EXIST HIS FLESH." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/01/over-100-questions-if-you-believe-jesus.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Over 100 Questions, If you believe Jesus Is GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy70515RQAGgA3_owfS6EKcmzhFqlx5lTNC_FEeftJB3sJ5bLE8sreQ7sZ6kVlowdNf-VQM2GHxqVf4y8O4uu4oOpiCkCCrx04B5wUaKVrcc04Co8zaPXVBI1HEa0QjIOqNOeQVff4n1xV/w640-h360/Over+100+Questions%252C+If+you+believe+Jesus+Is+GOD.jpg" title="Over 100 Questions, If you believe Jesus Is GOD?" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-pagans-gods-and-catholic-trinity.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY." border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNrpDCuK4aqz9wccvMB7RdWHM_ieji2Cf-p8hBr_yjyVEctrqzlmq03SmPA5QVO2FTKOOSdZie0h1ba4p_X-g4BPOgk8YZlLhn_gddbr_loEM5epTvtrNVLmdcQws_pLxKUxwuDjt6aF4u/w640-h360/The+PAGAN+gods+and+The+Catholic+TRINITY..jpg" title="The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY." width="640" /></a></div><br />Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-44405030887071026322023-07-20T07:42:00.052-07:002023-07-26T14:24:41.999-07:00WHY John 1:1 is not about Jesus! <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLzwni5MMvhVA4OBErZHNy0iuGzqPJGjxu-F8obITBskSR_x383VGlcmlldLXqNn48nL8jD9znJvgHQKUk6bGMJatN6dL87MkOe0jU4qm4WXMSTMuqrVRz6NffAUfMSHcbe7XJMRzKGe_046nI0ZTEyY7CByBNJQ462nc9RpbaX988F0N6cXwPwt6hiT9_" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY John 1:1 is not about Jesus!" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1383" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLzwni5MMvhVA4OBErZHNy0iuGzqPJGjxu-F8obITBskSR_x383VGlcmlldLXqNn48nL8jD9znJvgHQKUk6bGMJatN6dL87MkOe0jU4qm4WXMSTMuqrVRz6NffAUfMSHcbe7XJMRzKGe_046nI0ZTEyY7CByBNJQ462nc9RpbaX988F0N6cXwPwt6hiT9_=w640-h360" title="WHY John 1:1 is not about Jesus!" width="640" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:1, is probably one of the most debated, and misunderstood Scripture in the whole Bible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And because the truth of John 1:1 is so </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">misunderstood, this misunderstanding has become a leading deception, deceiving most of Christianity into believing in a false Triune God, and a false pre-existing Jesus, who is not the true Christ, or the real Messiah and Son of Man, or the Only Begotten Son of The One True Yahweh Father and creator GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This is</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"> a false Gospel saying GOD gave His own life on the cross, and denying GOD the Father as GOD alone, while denying the Father and the Christ as written in 1 John 2:22.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let's have a look at John 1:1, with an open mind and heart, while praying for the truth, in hope to discover the truth.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In The Greek translation of John 1:1, we read: </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiym4eK3qRwmGNUB8smWGydj1nPcUL5EKvlGOgk6dnEZ2MijRA6d5piB8o0cALEIuHBn3M_774-Ta17NWOF4lo4MAlnRKiN-nJ_sAEzAOOUxoneBOmvH1Y49BzTEkYKzcscs9RlZ73UO0gMvZv8gDgOKkq0HJ86gKTY7StmRII3Zbe1j8P2ZdQVVWq0bpsr/s1257/Bible%20%3E%20Interlinear%20%3E%20John%201:1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bible Interlinear John 1:1" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="1257" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiym4eK3qRwmGNUB8smWGydj1nPcUL5EKvlGOgk6dnEZ2MijRA6d5piB8o0cALEIuHBn3M_774-Ta17NWOF4lo4MAlnRKiN-nJ_sAEzAOOUxoneBOmvH1Y49BzTEkYKzcscs9RlZ73UO0gMvZv8gDgOKkq0HJ86gKTY7StmRII3Zbe1j8P2ZdQVVWq0bpsr/w640-h292/Bible%20%3E%20Interlinear%20%3E%20John%201:1.png" title="Bible > Interlinear > John 1:1" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In the beginning was the <b><u>W</u></b>ord, and the <u><b>W</b></u>ord was with God, and the <u><b>W</b></u>ord was God.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Firstly, the first obvious problem in the translation above, is how the translators have added in a capital "W" which deceives people into believing the word of GOD here is a second person.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice below how the same Greek word for (Logos Λόγος word), in countless verses like John 17:17 is never in CAPITALS, except in John 1:1, therefore deceiving people into believing the false CAPITAL translation of (Word) is a second person.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodIuXpbrHsKz96YGdt21tUzU3QWO9Y9-Cdwdsy8lCDAp6N_uGsdsIWuqV0zD7jTQ120a1NHyZg7UraxEuBsYDol6I2S8zNrP_7ixqQ76hSPfv6sjjpCwCXI1tc5LiI2VeEmjwJZyUV06F/s1600/John+1%253A1.png" style="background-color: white; color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="The false translations of JOHN 1:1." border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1307" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodIuXpbrHsKz96YGdt21tUzU3QWO9Y9-Cdwdsy8lCDAp6N_uGsdsIWuqV0zD7jTQ120a1NHyZg7UraxEuBsYDol6I2S8zNrP_7ixqQ76hSPfv6sjjpCwCXI1tc5LiI2VeEmjwJZyUV06F/s640/John+1%253A1.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" title="The false translations of JOHN 1:1." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvSTGgE1BkRZnDrYy3qSzSTbiaR1s_etLwNAzDnITtc4H0oLAsPvXurY0ezzWZHV9bvw0dKtxPgzvirHFUA-gH2Iz8oER1b0BsAN8G1-4ZTtbY1pATgCeePgDSSnzQUGTUjeA0pjnWlXe/s1600/John+17%253A17+Greek+text..png" style="background-color: white; color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Notice how the same Greek word for (Logos Λόγος word), is never in CAPITALS, except in John 1:1," border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="1158" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvSTGgE1BkRZnDrYy3qSzSTbiaR1s_etLwNAzDnITtc4H0oLAsPvXurY0ezzWZHV9bvw0dKtxPgzvirHFUA-gH2Iz8oER1b0BsAN8G1-4ZTtbY1pATgCeePgDSSnzQUGTUjeA0pjnWlXe/s640/John+17%253A17+Greek+text..png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" title="Notice how the same Greek word for (Logos Λόγος word), is never in CAPITALS, except in John 1:1," width="640" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">And the Jehovah Witnesses have their own translation saying: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2Qur-HJ75nK2FrHVcX-ccjk-RUYrZZqNbakaACF18Dm29OjvpZjFXU4zr2zlaMDF6Nnsq45ulJG2VA-n7t0PgE4LvycQ360TTVkD1VUMT9_IOe2DXsCmkdAeqga79DHBRebY2yJeJYXfddOKi7TKEyUCcVd8FYm2Acq8AM7CYl2A63Zjf5sONGpJVyw=s800" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:1." border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="800" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2Qur-HJ75nK2FrHVcX-ccjk-RUYrZZqNbakaACF18Dm29OjvpZjFXU4zr2zlaMDF6Nnsq45ulJG2VA-n7t0PgE4LvycQ360TTVkD1VUMT9_IOe2DXsCmkdAeqga79DHBRebY2yJeJYXfddOKi7TKEyUCcVd8FYm2Acq8AM7CYl2A63Zjf5sONGpJVyw=w640-h208" title="the Jehovah Witnesses have their own translation of John 1:1." width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was (a) God.</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And according to most of Christianity, including the Jehovah Witnesses, they believe, say and teach John 1:1 is about Jesus, as the Word, who is GOD, or a GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>But here are some interesting facts that prove Jesus is not in John 1:1.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice what John 1:1 does NOT say:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In the beginning was the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">SON</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">, and the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">SON </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">was with God, and the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">SON</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> was God. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also do NOT read: <span style="color: red;">In the beginning was </span>Jesus,<span style="color: red;"> and </span>Jesus <span style="color: red;">was with God, and </span>Jesus<span style="color: red;"> was God. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also do NOT read: <span style="color: red;">In the beginning was </span>Christ<span style="color: red;">, and </span>Christ<span style="color: red;"> was with God, and </span>Christ <span style="color: red;">was God. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, Christ never means: <span style="color: red;">I am GOD.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Christ never means: <span style="color: red;">I am Yahweh.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Christ simply means: <span style="color: #01ffff;">Anointed One; the Messiah, the Christ.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Strong's Concordance</span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Christos: the Anointed One, Messiah, Christ</span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Original Word: Χριστός, οῦ, ὁPart of Speech: Noun, MasculineTransliteration: Christos Phonetic Spelling: (khris-tos') Definition: the Anointed One, Messiah, ChristUsage: Anointed One; the Messiah, the Christ.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejzcRVsjf0hL8dL2zFEbpYVXPeSFG3I_-pCxoO5wioNTkDD6SOfgde6Ls3wDCsCcvRPwKCTPC_IVXo5zzmXh23FTn7bKgG5V2qgVvLZtYHEZofcUgdtmFmum821w7hemxujIOkFiw_pOayB-EmZJZJDU7UqSCA2Em92hgDsqiIbYHbTdrUTwWP5id3sEm/s1177/Christos:%20the%20Anointed%20One,%20Messiah,%20Christ.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Christos: the Anointed One, Messiah, Christ" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1177" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejzcRVsjf0hL8dL2zFEbpYVXPeSFG3I_-pCxoO5wioNTkDD6SOfgde6Ls3wDCsCcvRPwKCTPC_IVXo5zzmXh23FTn7bKgG5V2qgVvLZtYHEZofcUgdtmFmum821w7hemxujIOkFiw_pOayB-EmZJZJDU7UqSCA2Em92hgDsqiIbYHbTdrUTwWP5id3sEm/w640-h362/Christos:%20the%20Anointed%20One,%20Messiah,%20Christ.png" title="Christos: the Anointed One, Messiah, Christ" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><p><b>More facts!</b></p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice if Christ were GOD, then as Jesus Christ is the Anointed One (OF GOD), and as most believe Jesus is GOD, that would simply mean GOD Anointed HIMSELF, and GAVE HIMSELF!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And that all contradicts what we read and are told in John 3:16, which says <span style="color: red;">GOD GAVE His Begotten Son,</span> and NOT HIMSELF.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And that's what makes a false Gospel saying what most of Christianity believe in, that GOD GAVE Himself which is absolutely nonsense, and therefore denies what the Father and the SON truly did for the world, because GOD so love the world, that He truly did give His only Begotten Son not to condemn us but to save us John 3:16.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>But wait, there is more!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In the old Testament, the word of GOD is always Yahweh GOD alone.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD's (word), is His statement, speech, divine utterance, plan, power, authority of GOD expressing Yahweh’s thoughts, action, message, purpose and will, spoken by the breath of Yahweh’s mouth, which is why John tells us: <span style="color: red;">and the word was with God, and the word was God,</span> as we are told in Psalm 33:6:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">By Yahweh’s (word,) the heavens were made; all their army<u><b> by the breath of his mouth.</b></u> </span>World English Bible.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGllPkdoRIi3AfsTvIs7R4Vez4Rlseh3zjtDs-t3DfFQfidb9OkV711eLNnSEwgUf97LCPfXQjidyZCQD4WwFcYl0ipMS7wOm6siQY9hZdVx-3ExWz3uRm3vsh1w0RFAYpQQiRdZKBBTWLEdrz9lzkIovU7SVHL4nud_U8_wt5j2A7eqr-ysnuWMF5TRnF/s1382/Psalm%2033:6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Psalm 33:6" border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="1382" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGllPkdoRIi3AfsTvIs7R4Vez4Rlseh3zjtDs-t3DfFQfidb9OkV711eLNnSEwgUf97LCPfXQjidyZCQD4WwFcYl0ipMS7wOm6siQY9hZdVx-3ExWz3uRm3vsh1w0RFAYpQQiRdZKBBTWLEdrz9lzkIovU7SVHL4nud_U8_wt5j2A7eqr-ysnuWMF5TRnF/w640-h248/Psalm%2033:6.png" title="Psalm 33:6" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><p>And the word of GOD in the old Testament is never a second person, until Jesus is Begotten and born in John 1:14.</p><p>And notice what we read here in John 1:14:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYN0Yd77ajbVZ1v9IBAVvlCO46C17ix6I2QmYfaMSdwxHc6jc3qJdS7sIQhtMz0OmTh1bEEcpaGTZgic0U7XnQkug9wlLhA_HTFbUKT16GMIXpG06ZXUcZdXISg0F50dScm5XyivrOaRJ5NwFnE3C5GY5YtYiULpGLP55-Dk1SmwWaugWNSYICao0E9ktf/s1146/John%201:14.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:14" border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="1146" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYN0Yd77ajbVZ1v9IBAVvlCO46C17ix6I2QmYfaMSdwxHc6jc3qJdS7sIQhtMz0OmTh1bEEcpaGTZgic0U7XnQkug9wlLhA_HTFbUKT16GMIXpG06ZXUcZdXISg0F50dScm5XyivrOaRJ5NwFnE3C5GY5YtYiULpGLP55-Dk1SmwWaugWNSYICao0E9ktf/w640-h292/John%201:14.png" title="John 1:14" width="640" /></a></div><p></p></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible </span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>And the Word became flesh </b></u>and dwelt among us. And we beheld His glory, a glory as of an only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that: <span style="color: red;">And the 👉<b>Word</b>👈 became flesh. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So the <span style="color: red;"><b>Word</b></span> of <span style="color: red;">GOD </span>tells us how, <span style="color: red;">GOD's</span> 👉<span style="color: red;"><b>Word</b></span>👈became <span style="color: red;">flesh.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice what we do NOT read: <span style="color: red;">And 👉</span>GOD<span style="color: red;">👈became flesh!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD, we would simply read <span style="color: red;">And 👉GOD became flesh!👈</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>Also notice how we do NOT read what the</span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Jehovah Witnesses say, believe and teach that their own translation says Jesus is (a) God: who was Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">But instead we read how: <span style="color: red;">the Word OF GOD became flesh, </span>and NOT GOD Himself becoming flesh, or that </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Michael</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> the Archangel </span><span style="font-family: arial;">became flesh.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And if we turn the page to Luke 1:35, we see how the word of GOD was spoken through: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">the angel answering, said to her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the <u><b>power of the Most High </b></u>will overshadow you; therefore also the Holy One being born will be called <u><b>the Son of God. </b></u></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how we read Jesus is 👉<span style="color: red;">(The SON of GOD),👈</span> and NOT <u><b>GOD the SON!</b></u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So, we learn here, The word OF GOD was GOD's (word), statement, speech, divine utterance, plan, <span style="color: red;">power</span> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Luke 1:35, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">authority of GOD expressing Yahweh’s thoughts, action, message, purpose and will, spoken through the Angel.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:1 is simply telling us: <span style="color: red;">In the beginning was the word: </span>meaning GOD's (word), statement, speech, divine utterance, plan, power, authority of GOD expressing Yahweh’s thoughts, action, message, purpose and will, spoken by the breath of Yahweh’s mouth.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And John must have be referring to Genesis 1 saying: <span style="color: red;"><u><b>3 And God 👉said,</b></u>👈 “Let there be light,” and there was light. 4 And God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light “day,” and the darkness He called “night.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So, I hope now you agree how we have discovered how John 1:1 is NOT about Jesus, until we get to John 1:14, where Jesus is Begotten and Born, as the visible, and physical Word OF GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Note again, how Jesus is NOT called <span style="color: red;">''GOD the Word'',</span> but <span style="color: red;">The Word OF GOD,</span> Revelation 19:13.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is The Word OF GOD, simply because Jesus speaks GOD's words, proving how Jesus is NOT GOD Himself.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But please wait, as I have saved the best until last.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we know, most of Christianity say, believe and teach Jesus is GOD, who WAS BESIDE his (Father GOD), BEFORE Jesus was Begotten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And they are not understanding if Jesus is GOD who is WITH His GOD, then thats TWO GODS side by side.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And the Jehovah witnesses say, believe and teach Jesus is (a) GOD, who WAS BESIDE his (Father GOD), BEFORE Jesus was Begotten.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But notice how Jesus being BESIDE GOD, BEFORE Jesus was Begotten, CONTRADICTS what GOD tells us throughout the Old Testament like we read in many verses like Deuteronomy 32:39</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">World English Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“See now that I myself am he. There is 👉<b><u> (no god)</u></b> 👈 with me. I kill and I make alive. I wound and I heal. There is no one who can deliver out of my hand.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that?</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There is (no god) with me.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Psalm 18:31</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For who is God, 👉<u><b>except Yahweh?</b></u> 👈Who is a rock, <u><b>besides</b></u> our God,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>We clearly and plainly read and see how the word of GOD tells us how there was NO ONE TRUE GOD, or a little God, who was BESIDE </span><u style="color: red;"><b>Yahweh </b></u><span>GOD, or WITH GOD, before Jesus was Begotten.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And yet most of Christianity CONTRADICT the word of GOD by saying John 1:1 is about Jesus who was WITH and BESIDE GOD, before Jesus was BORN as flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And there is more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When we understand the simple truth, we understand WHY GOD tells us countless times how He ALONE created the genesis creation (<span style="color: red;">BY HIMSELF</span>)!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Isaiah 44:24 </span><span style="font-family: arial;">World English Bible</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yahweh, your Redeemer, and he who formed you from the womb says: “I am Yahweh, who makes all things; <b><u>👉who alone </u></b>👈stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth <b><u>👉by myself;👈</u></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Conclusion:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>The SHOCKING truth is:</b></u></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>The simple Biblical facts reveal the simple truth, of how John 1:1 is referring to </span><span><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;">Yahweh </span><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">in Genesis 1,</span><span style="color: red; text-decoration-line: underline;"> </span><span>who </span>is the ONE TRUE GOD and Father of creation alone by Himself, which is why John tells us: </span><span style="color: red;">In the beginning </span><span>(Genesis Creation)</span><span style="color: red;"> was the Word,</span><span> (The word of GOD), </span><b>Genesis 1:3, </b><span style="color: red;">And</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">👉</span><span style="color: red;"> <u><b>God said.</b></u>👈 👉</span><span style="color: red;">and the word was with God,</span><span><b> </b></span><span style="color: red;">and the word was God, </span><span>John 1:1.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we sadly see how most of Christianity have been deceived with a false PRE-EXISTING Christ, as written in Revelation 12:9.</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And the great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil and Satan, <u><b>the deceiver of the whole world.</b></u> He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Let us humble ourselves, and come to the side of truth by believing in the truth of GOD's, (WORD), and not mans teachings, except the One True MAN and Christ Jesus, who was Begotten as the WORD OF GOD, John 1:14, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Revelation 19:13.</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHX2BKfiOlKR8veGOQb6FHOAQYTUz_Ycn_YvpTBkn1YzYzvXlbrYry-rXtY3uq37Nojum_AoNVSir6U0dccxBE5C47WC1gNUfKxMd1cnowOH8KAZmQBd2VYOqUMSgHXu4QwtySLu3rrm1GHelCy_ckhx0K8NbdewtzNY7xGHZ0yZav7tYFbGobOVWA4015/s1339/Matthew%2019:4%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="GOD ALONE IS THE CREATOR." border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="1339" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHX2BKfiOlKR8veGOQb6FHOAQYTUz_Ycn_YvpTBkn1YzYzvXlbrYry-rXtY3uq37Nojum_AoNVSir6U0dccxBE5C47WC1gNUfKxMd1cnowOH8KAZmQBd2VYOqUMSgHXu4QwtySLu3rrm1GHelCy_ckhx0K8NbdewtzNY7xGHZ0yZav7tYFbGobOVWA4015/w640-h94/Matthew%2019:4%20.png" title="Matthew 19:4." width="640" /></span></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><span style="color: red;">And answering He</span> (Jesus) <span style="color: red;">said, "Have you not read that the One </span>(The One TRUE Father and GOD alone) 👉<span style="color: red;"><u><b>having created from the beginning</b></u> 👈</span></span><span> </span><b>Genesis 1: </b><span style="color: red;">'made them male and female,' </span><span>Matthew 19:4.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><div style="text-align: center;">Related articles:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/john-1-in-50-english-translations.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="280" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3wgzcF8KIYl_4cAggexRav51Zz15wTQeVPcsZuuKxa-WPKXJK2XR6bTmrZsL1YtSkzqtvWgYvkf3rAPeAUFUFwaC7c94C21aPBlyPf1uWXb7zyC-f2FlrGCDBukTJhDJgKK6bjkZweLWp/s1600/Sir+Anthony+Farquhar+Buzzard..png" width="280" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/07/john-1-in-50-english-translations.html">John 1 in 50+ English Translations By Sir Anthony Farquhar Buzzard, </a>3rd Baronet, ARCM (b. 28 June 1935), is a biblical scholar, unitarian Christian theologian, author and professor on the faculty of Atlanta Bible College.</div></span></span><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the Trinity in Genesis? By <a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/is-the-trinity-in-genesis">https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/articles/is-the-trinity-in-genesis</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:1-18 John's Prologue - Reconsidered - by Anthony Buzzard and J. Dan Gill <a href="https://youtu.be/-BSXQ5Ng0T4">https://youtu.be/-BSXQ5Ng0T4</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My articles:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">IS THE WORD JESUS IN JOHN 1:1? <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html">https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKcGA8I1xwjuQvC95DsIW-c5GzOrE6KypEZYIE4kcqr3TcYI25yRwZKypq_JxP6gHjfnfQkZVhugxU6xvKGDgVI2bt-pDfxYDK8ANKEzYYoo5YRkayG9tqBfvqgbgDQ1DJ_EdLY3tGciDXow5EZVOPkIEPbpaHW3JshYzpgjORoGqoCVkS_LNmOX5CCy2/s267/WHEN%20did%20Jesus%20BEGIN%20to%20EXIST.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="266" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKcGA8I1xwjuQvC95DsIW-c5GzOrE6KypEZYIE4kcqr3TcYI25yRwZKypq_JxP6gHjfnfQkZVhugxU6xvKGDgVI2bt-pDfxYDK8ANKEzYYoo5YRkayG9tqBfvqgbgDQ1DJ_EdLY3tGciDXow5EZVOPkIEPbpaHW3JshYzpgjORoGqoCVkS_LNmOX5CCy2/w638-h640/WHEN%20did%20Jesus%20BEGIN%20to%20EXIST.png" width="266" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/07/when-did-jesus-begin-to-exist.html">WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?</a></h3><div><br /></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_6.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Jehovah’s Witnesses" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeyat-_NKN52HHAYh2xt6VgkieMe8uFL68GfIUuraUUByIyF5zQLMesC3WN9qCpnVB05UVfn3wVamwfUfYGjpmZpcjlzqTgg-nBCYaVFDT1HIUVop98zZR52UR7xC5YQnv5-QRQv4z6ePVscA6L9FFfMtjEVPIYSDJ6eJTkYGn2xD2hz-SWlJ0-LjKYw/w640-h360/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20John%201%EF%80%A21!.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of John 1:1!" width="640" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/who-is-true-and-only-begotten-son-of-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ONLY BEGOTTEN SON" border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="1420" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnH3zspWbYKYepqTuheXsXC_P86AEMjpsT2LHrOHnzZ8KQU12bcy40D_DJ4oSU8U1zaHY5n26KIjX1DA8TA9T7CeWTkjI1fCAAgRBXTh9mz0qgCYYEmpEXZIDTtqX-crENYExf9UzmRG2/w640-h358/WHO+IS+THE+TRUE+AND+ONLY+BEGOTTEN+SON+OF+GOD..jpg" title="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/11/scriptures-proving-yahweh-one-true-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The One True GOD Of Israel" border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="640" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3rb8maC8pvgGEESB3Hlfvvu2_09NGQXu2lOZO6-FJF98oH_QuVdXWtnkqB8cbFB2oTG0L3XbaOj3OTuP1UVidlyzGRyHxGb0A-tmSLtfXCgjzeuHnJNiy-gvSFltvSCCxZ-AnYS5xChnz/w640-h356/SCRIPTURES+Proving+Yahweh+The+One+True+GOD+Of+Israel+Is+The+CREATOR+ALONE..jpg" title="SCRIPTURES Proving Yahweh The One True GOD Of Israel Is The CREATOR ALONE." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/11/salvation-what-must-we-believe.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="SALVATION, WHAT MUST WE BELIEVE?" border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1420" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTAEXXw_Mt2GGAc3OZXnNE4PG1U43aQsghdbfw92U9JQeYU3UjX1w73KHRK7DKJgQVpY9JpdxWqigdXD4gThE287Aj894n8X7wgJ46gK7BnmuNuBbmrxbvVLpZffVNyJ0mufbxO63ssixw/w640-h356/SALVATION%252C+WHAT+MUST+WE+BELIEVE..jpg" title="SALVATION, WHAT MUST WE BELIEVE?" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">You Tube Videos:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/OVo_9x7FjEs" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:1,2, 3 & 4. The most Misunderstood teachings of the Bible." border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="989" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwkGQHQL-wRqqD10bsQIFgDr2o8k6L0snVg8WImEyh_oJRyeKy9oo9XDeK37c44m-6prCBt1TMgpE4JE99JVF99BMNI2uwlLwn5QjAOf9VeOkc4Xr8sjZqjlNGe548bPac-RbnfDrk_dKMe2g-LNp6xGa4P7HsgUVMWpQFIilFB1N81cJiBMKcRmwPqnni/w640-h434/John%201:1,2,%203%20&%204.%20The%20most%20Misunderstood%20teachings%20of%20the%20Bible..png" title="John 1:1,2, 3 & 4. The most Misunderstood teachings of the Bible." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/8c5Apb50w_U" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:3 & 1:4 . The Most Misunderstood Teachings of The Bible. Part 2." border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="1061" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM_aZotY3asHC8K8KbrGG7H4Tqi-S3xSEKmsoTfPQ6R5JwnuYL4Bepv5X92x7mdqUKDy6eTJpf-aDVSuPJlTXxA1z_HSvgUoJT9trpKdS6bS7d2jmilLbUh3-VxKSj27e_50o-Op6PsrVYRP4anSOrzqg0p5i3auyQsITVif2M7y0Mr0t8Fd9Yz0WgHRpn/w640-h428/John%201:3%20&%201:4%20.%20The%20Most%20Misunderstood%20Teachings%20of%20The%20Bible.%20Part%202..png" title="John 1:3 & 1:4 . The Most Misunderstood Teachings of The Bible. Part 2." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/tYRQETHa4oo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 & 1:4. THE TRUTH Part 3." border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="994" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFVryftKZBDtiPezWu9SDQWddBvFRm_AuJcvn0d6xa5A7665yvIYfEMkXtTJKXHuIklqY31kHGl_Mp-HfYgINDk2D-O28NFbztV2pkjSK3rbFVMXl1aMlR1zEPUECZrEljVWs2aRc74uJ2YpwP6MHyEWn9qioOakTtztGUi-E5nrS4L4q0eWnZzZfOlDO3/w640-h428/John%201:1,%201:2,%201:3%20&%201:4.%20THE%20TRUTH%20Part%203..png" title="John 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 & 1:4. THE TRUTH Part 3." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Isaiah 37:16</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB9JqIk0zi5Vf6n3kN9b9my_HAJl60TW8bnut35c2jw_xHdaM3EkhIbTXrw2UqE1wCRsnU-sEubC7Qbl0HF03-W_ql_kFiwjM9ypA1rWpvSOYWkkIYi7p1bsPXn9tNQ30zsvTIvhnQYBZ8W05lPreLS5XyK_UqDUpIkZVHBC2tuTXFXj6I9Ap-3NTF7Qlj/s1000/Isaiah%2037-16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Isaiah 42:5" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB9JqIk0zi5Vf6n3kN9b9my_HAJl60TW8bnut35c2jw_xHdaM3EkhIbTXrw2UqE1wCRsnU-sEubC7Qbl0HF03-W_ql_kFiwjM9ypA1rWpvSOYWkkIYi7p1bsPXn9tNQ30zsvTIvhnQYBZ8W05lPreLS5XyK_UqDUpIkZVHBC2tuTXFXj6I9Ap-3NTF7Qlj/w640-h640/Isaiah%2037-16.png" title="Isaiah 42:5" width="640" /></a></div><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg3Z4pplHVpcv0zfT2D3k0u1i-dK1k43-qn9llHckU3JaqtPitz44qXGX_FfAtsXHz7GU0AQKNdQj-1-dtF_5EAj3k_pZ3ug1GSffUK5nZ0KKRvglu2dKrwLY4JQVWcia4d1DZnTibjoAFB-Jk6sbxCEjhDn1IhLs_87hgeo1tdNKrGgukQKv4Mvwy8XRN/s1000/Isaiah%2042-5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Isaiah 37:16" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg3Z4pplHVpcv0zfT2D3k0u1i-dK1k43-qn9llHckU3JaqtPitz44qXGX_FfAtsXHz7GU0AQKNdQj-1-dtF_5EAj3k_pZ3ug1GSffUK5nZ0KKRvglu2dKrwLY4JQVWcia4d1DZnTibjoAFB-Jk6sbxCEjhDn1IhLs_87hgeo1tdNKrGgukQKv4Mvwy8XRN/w640-h640/Isaiah%2042-5.png" title="Isaiah 37:16" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoh4_f9fYlvKxXguG_UsL8ELNzWhISn9nBhpiPvu-30kjNT338JRHC0uKwJqfz-mIjVnZ72k2gxtT0PHZgoN3jTjowIkgXvNubGdunPXgaCnvTk-n8rLO_4mt1D3T5hTXbV3Hh33SMAyz_vx_VC-56FdEJZD92ifGkUcoP9OOMRIRd4BDWijjBauv3qH9/s1000/Isaiah%204813.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Isaiah 48:13." border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoh4_f9fYlvKxXguG_UsL8ELNzWhISn9nBhpiPvu-30kjNT338JRHC0uKwJqfz-mIjVnZ72k2gxtT0PHZgoN3jTjowIkgXvNubGdunPXgaCnvTk-n8rLO_4mt1D3T5hTXbV3Hh33SMAyz_vx_VC-56FdEJZD92ifGkUcoP9OOMRIRd4BDWijjBauv3qH9/w640-h640/Isaiah%204813.png" title="Isaiah 48:13." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-23982935945698350112023-07-08T14:39:00.015-07:002023-07-26T14:28:18.354-07:00WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxc-hp-7GqvfFNucfI1FL0y0IjmJ7W2jWQUzTN5yL_MJK0sAY_e2ZoCQapVmTO-kbbFnZo6iiH9mBCSikYhX6IoUAEZGyzECGwAMfrNZDQs8-jCpWOzEkR7Wv8WPi07MabOzHbg8uQINcjyxZbjm0U32P4_XEB19lymVlyZKWH3L959lOkF94bk0SoUpGB/s1369/WHEN%20did%20Jesus%20beging%20to%20exist%EF%80%A5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?" border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="1369" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxc-hp-7GqvfFNucfI1FL0y0IjmJ7W2jWQUzTN5yL_MJK0sAY_e2ZoCQapVmTO-kbbFnZo6iiH9mBCSikYhX6IoUAEZGyzECGwAMfrNZDQs8-jCpWOzEkR7Wv8WPi07MabOzHbg8uQINcjyxZbjm0U32P4_XEB19lymVlyZKWH3L959lOkF94bk0SoUpGB/w640-h358/WHEN%20did%20Jesus%20beging%20to%20exist%EF%80%A5.png" title="WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;">The Answer is in The Genealogy of Jesus:</span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">◄ Matthew 1 ►</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Genealogy of Jesus</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Ruth 4:18-22; Luke 3:23-38)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, son of David, son of Abraham:</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2 Abraham begat Isaac, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Isaac begat Jacob, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Jacob begat Judah and his brothers. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">3 And Judah begat Perez and Zerah out of Tamar, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Perez begat Hezron, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Hezron begat Ram.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">4 And Ram begat Amminadab, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Amminadab begat Nahshon, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Nahshon begat Salmon.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">5 And Salmon begat Boaz out of Rahab, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Boaz begat Obed out of Ruth, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Obed begat Jesse,</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">6 and Jesse begat David the king.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Next:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">David begat Solomon, out of the wife of Uriah,</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">7 and Solomon begat Rehoboam, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Rehoboam begat Abijah, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Abijah begat Asa.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">8 And Asa begat Jehoshaphat, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Jehoshaphat begat Joram, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Joram begat Uzziah.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">9 And Uzziah begat Jotham, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Jotham begat Ahaz, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Ahaz begat Hezekiah.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">10 And Hezekiah begat Manasseh, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Manasseh begat Amos, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Amos begat Josiah,</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">11and Josiah begat Jechoniah and his brothers </span><span style="font-family: arial;">at the time of the carrying away to Babylon.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">12 And after the carrying away to Babylon: </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Jechoniah begat Shealtiel, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Shealtiel begat Zerubbabel,</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">13 and Zerubbabel begat Abiud, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Abiud begat Eliakim, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Eliakim begat Azor.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">14 And Azor begat Zadok, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Zadok begat Achim, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Achim begat Eliud.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">15 And Eliud begat Eleazar, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Eleazar begat Matthan, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and Matthan begat Jacob, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">16 And Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">of whom was born Jesus, the One being called Christ.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">17 So all the generations from Abraham to David were fourteen generations, and from David until the carrying away to Babylon fourteen generations, and from the carrying away to Babylon to the Christ fourteen generations.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Birth of Jesus</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Isaiah 7:10-16; Micah 5:1-6; Luke 2:1-7)</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ came about in this way: His mother Mary, having been pledged to Joseph, before their coming together, was found holding in womb through the Holy Spirit. 19 Then Joseph her husband, being righteous and not willing to shame her publicly, resolved to divorce her quietly.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">20 But on his having pondered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, you should not be afraid to receive Mary as your wife, for that having been conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21 And she will bring forth a son, and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">22 And all this has come to pass, so that it may be fulfilled that having been spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">23“Behold, the virgin will hold in womb, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and will bring forth a son, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and they will call His name Immanuel” </span><span style="font-family: arial;">which is, being translated, “God with us.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">24 And Joseph, having been awoken from sleep, did as the angel of the Lord had commanded him and received his wife. 25 But he did not know her until she had brought forth a Son, and he called His name Jesus.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">◄ Matthew 2 ►</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Pilgrimage of the Magi</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">1 Now Jesus having been born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, Magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem, 2 saying, “Where is the One having been born King of the Jews? For we saw His star in the east and have come to worship Him.”</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">What have we discovered in The Genealogy of Jesus?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We have seen in The Genealogy of Jesus, WHEN Jesus was BEGOTTEN and BORN.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Genealogy of Jesus, reveals WHEN He came into existence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In The Genealogy of Jesus, there is NO mention of Jesus pre-existing His flesh as GOD, or as an Angel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Genealogy of Jesus, proves how Jesus did NOT pre-exist His flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, in all three Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, there is NO mention, ANYWHERE, of Jesus pre-existing His flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, when the word of GOD is correctly understood, we discover the truth is, how there are NO teachings within the whole Bible teaching a PREEXISTING Christ, or who was GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But instead a Christ who was a ''unique MAN'' and NOT PRE-EXISTING, but was instead, <span style="color: red;">FOREKNOWN:</span> as revealed in the great Bible PROPHECIES.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Peter 1:2: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">having been foreknown indeed before the foundation of the world, but having been revealed in the last times for the sake of you.</span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Related articles:</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/BluNqJ-rtWY" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?" border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="993" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUkkRpNsal9gYpyC6OxPPnhmmHCmq-oxAYHXEI0smltZaoWP0ZKTCdMW8kWxz41Pq-P9-caa936Q8rJbinx2e1xpO5vKdZels94_cTBsBwbBZ25pwBbY6IqFpmla40TiBnPkHStXIPo1CNX6L6ig_4nrqWzqXQbWmv819Tfopjm8H83UeM_4uBLsDmhySY/w640-h428/You%20tube.%20WHEN%20did%20Jesus%20BEGIN%20to%20EXIST%3F.png" title="WHEN did Jesus BEGIN to EXIST?" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding_13.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding of Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEichowfCgi-4Uw2DBBpiZl2glmX59f_aZuOVuWIPi0WajeCrp8kSyCwxCZlNXrf5L-1ueCbh_tmU0G5Fl7t_N4BmhMc9okDDZnzkhlgk5z3W_42Z7jAtB9x-33nPJLHUcR_eJ3t2Tq6f3CD/w640-h640/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+of+Colossians+16%252C+and+17.++.png" title="Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="color: red; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding Of Colossians 1:15." border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="640" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Oa6VE4NQnGfFhyphenhyphenrOgvtUKFw1WtODIkLU0WeB1GMUPZE5tZ-3PXX5x6rWhf79Vr4O0mf5OKdv4kp-vSixL_6mzZkQkTfqx4CMF1Nqjtj7iYJzgvUCQE0jD-luTTD7DNNDTNiam0c0ktBP/w640-h340/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+Of+Colossians+1-15..png" title="Colossians 1:15." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/04/revelation-14-proves-jesus-is-not-first.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!" border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAai-yqr6d9vVnFye_CsnYsdS1a7fsG3Wmu_O-xBhsQaX0owpMGG9aE4UTl3Wxlmby07X_xQr6d-jqIxtc3tqEjO7HStMEuf0u-Wb42CImNePnk94q1Oigk7MBVonUmyTdrvzu0lF9RmyB1V0q5gfOfJeqA95iq-QlGVhDebZ8wCqheNnWoGRTiWHiQ/w640-h360/Revelation%201:5,%20PROVES%20Jesus%20Is%20NOT%20The%20FIRST%20person%20to%20EXIST!.png" title="Revelation 1:5" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Die9coqnKzA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation!" border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1124" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP17MHhEH05Hdh_A-SXv170DpldF3jOAYoGAaW4T2Fc6nrxyMz_vGY0zQgAnu9nvtVBvPPE9Aa8zEzpmGoBGZAEX6uKt8WAs3zgQZw0k149MQ3w0OigefTw6TfhgGK5G0jLnHfP-82zCbxdZnnljzs6FbVMJA_77iIu7YP_pMkLQO8RoRLqU9TV11DgQ/w640-h428/Video:%20WHY%20Colossians%201:16%20is%20NOT%20about%20the%20Genesis%20Creation!.png" title="You tube video: WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;" /></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-7712298438229567572023-06-03T14:19:00.001-07:002023-06-03T14:25:38.739-07:00The Trinitarian Doctrine of The Immortal Soul Is FALSE!<div class="vector-body-before-content" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The concept of an immaterial and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immortality of the soul">immortal <b>soul</b></a> – distinct from the body – did not appear in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> before the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_exile" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tabor_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Tabor-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> but developed as a result of interaction with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian philosophy">Persian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a> philosophies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thompson_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-thompson-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Accordingly, the Hebrew word <span class="script-hebrew" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "SBL Hebrew", "SBL BibLit", "Taamey Ashkenaz", "Taamey Frank CLM", "Frank Ruehl CLM", "Ezra SIL", "Ezra SIL SR", "Keter Aram Tsova", "Taamey David CLM", "Keter YG", Shofar, "David CLM", "Hadasim CLM", "Simple CLM", Nachlieli, Cardo, Alef, "Noto Serif Hebrew", "Noto Sans Hebrew", "David Libre", David, "Times New Roman", Gisha, Arial, FreeSerif, FreeSans; font-size: 16.1px;">נֶ֫פֶשׁ</span>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephesh" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nephesh">nephesh</a></i>, although translated as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">soul</a>" in some older English-language Bibles, actually has a meaning closer to "living being". <i>Nephesh</i> was translated into Greek in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> as <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)#Etymology" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psyche (psychology)"><i>psūchê</i></a>), using the Greek word for "soul". The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> also uses the word <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span></i>, but with the Hebrew meaning and not the Greek.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-ReferenceA-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2022)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The textual evidence indicates a multiplicity of perspectives on souls, including probable changes during the centuries in which the biblical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> developed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steiner_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Steiner-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Relation_to_Greek_.22psyche.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_Greek_"psyche"">Relation to Greek "psyche"</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relation to Greek "psyche"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The only Hebrew word traditionally translated "soul" (<i>nephesh</i>) in English-language Bibles refers to a living, breathing conscious body, rather than to an immortal soul.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> In the New Testament, the Greek word traditionally translated "soul" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span>) "psyche", has substantially the same meaning as the Hebrew, without reference to an immortal soul. In the Greek Septuagent psyche is used to translate each instance of nephesh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em 0px; min-width: 60em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="5" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button>Number of times Nephesh and Psūchê are translated into certain English words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_7-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Strong-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></th></tr></tbody></table><table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em 0px; min-width: 60em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="19" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button>Number of times Hebrew and Greek words are translated into certain English words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Strong_7-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Strong-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></th></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Genesis_2:7">Genesis 2:7</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Genesis 2:7">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:7&version=nrsv" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Genesis 2:7</a> God did not make a body and put a soul into it like a letter into an envelope of dust; rather he formed man's body from the dust, then, by breathing divine breath into it, he made the body of dust live, i.e. the dust did not <i>embody</i> a soul, but it <i>became</i> a soul – a whole creature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rabbinic_understanding_of_Genesis_2:7_as_found_in_the_Targum">Rabbinic understanding of Genesis 2:7 as found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Targum">Targum</a></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Rabbinic understanding of Genesis 2:7 as found in the Targum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" data-file-height="399" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="39" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>.<br /><small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Soul in the Bible"</a> – <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">news</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22+-wikipedia" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">books</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Soul+in+the+Bible%22&acc=on&wc=on" rel="nofollow" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote style="border-left: none; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">And the Lord God created man in two formations; and took dust from the place of the house of the sanctuary, and from the four winds of the world, and mixed from all the waters of the world, and created him red, black, and white; and breathed into his nostrils the inspiration of life, and there was in the body of Adam the inspiration of a speaking spirit, unto the illumination of the eyes and the hearing of the ears. –<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p></blockquote><blockquote style="border-left: none; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">And the Lord God created Adam from dust of the ground, and breathed upon his face the breath of lives, and it became in Adam a Discoursing Spirit. –<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Man_as_nephesh">Man as nephesh</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Man as nephesh">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Pedersen_(theologian)#Beliefs" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johannes Pedersen (theologian)">Johannes Pedersen (theologian) § Beliefs</a></div><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">The L<span class="smallcaps" style="font-size: 11.62px;">ORD</span> God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[neshemah]</sup> of life; and man became a living<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[chay]</sup> soul.<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[nephesh]</sup> (Genesis 2:7 with notes added)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Here and "all through Scripture" a "living soul" denotes a "living person".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> This is because, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard_Childs" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brevard Childs">Brevard Childs</a> writes, in the biblical view, a person "does not <i>have</i> a soul, but <i>is</i> a soul".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Animals_as_nephesh">Animals as nephesh</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Animals as nephesh">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">And out of the ground the L<span class="smallcaps" style="font-size: 11.62px;">ORD</span> God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[chay]</sup> creature,<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[nephesh]</sup> that was the name thereof.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Genesis 2:19 with notes added<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1 Corinthians 15:45 (KJV), <i>soul</i> [<i>psūchê</i>] is defined based on an interpretation of Old Testament text. "And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">[psūchê]</sup>; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit."(<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#15:45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:45</a>)</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament">New Testament</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The New Testament counterpart to the Old Testament word for soul, <i>nephesh</i>, is <i>psyche</i>. The two words carry a similar range of meanings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thompson_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-thompson-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Both can designate the person or the person’s life as a whole.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> For all uses and meanings of <i>psyche</i>/ψυχἠ, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Thayer" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Henry Thayer">Joseph Henry Thayer</a>, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_of_the_soul">Death of the soul</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Death of the soul">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mortalism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalism</a></div><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to some writers, nephesh and psūchê are not naturally immortal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thompson_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-thompson-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Garber_p._383_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Garber_p._383-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mortalism_p._65_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Mortalism_p._65-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> They die<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> and are uncomprehending<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> during the time between death and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_Day" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrection</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_state" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intermediate state">intermediate state</a>.</p><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goldingay" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Goldingay">John Goldingay</a> writes, "The life of a human being came more directly from God, and it is also evident that when someone dies, the breath (<i>rûaḥ</i>, e.g., Ps 104:29) or the life (<i>nepeš</i>, e.g., Gen 35:18) disappears and returns to the God who is <i>rûaḥ</i>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Immortality">Immortality</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Immortality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immortality of the soul">Immortality of the soul</a></div><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The concept of an immaterial soul separate from and surviving the body is common today but according to modern scholars, it was not found in ancient Hebrew beliefs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> The word <i>nephesh</i> never means an immortal soul<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> or an incorporeal part of the human being<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> that can survive death of the body as the spirit of dead,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_Christianity">Traditional Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Traditional Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> thought, towards the end of the 2nd century, <i>psūchê</i> had begun to be understood in a more Greek than a Hebrew way, contrasted with the body. By the 3rd century, with the influence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origen">Origen</a>, the traditions of the inherent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a> and its divine nature were established.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> As the new <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> points out: “The early Christian philosophers adopted the Greek concept of the soul’s immortality and thought of the soul as being created by God and infused into the body at conception.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> Inherent immortality of the soul was accepted among western and eastern theologians throughout the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and after the Reformation, as evidenced by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mortalism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalism</a></div><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The modern scholarly consensus holds that the canonical teaching of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> made no reference to an immortal soul independent of the body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> A wide range of scholarly reference works consistently represent this view.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Indeed_p._518_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Indeed_p._518-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hence_2001_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Hence_2001-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> In recent times, a minority of scholars have partially dissented from this view.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steiner_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-Steiner-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many modern theologians reject the view that the Bible teaches the doctrine of the immortal soul,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> and Hebblethwaite claims the doctrine is "not popular amongst Christian theologians or among Christian philosophers today".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Tabor-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Tabor_1-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabor, James, <a class="external text" href="http://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">What the Bible says about Death, Afterlife, and the Future.</a>"The ancient Hebrews had no idea of an immortal soul living a full and vital life beyond death, nor of any <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrection or return from death</a>. Human beings, like the beasts of the field, are made of "dust of the earth," and at death they return to that dust (Gen. 2:7; 3:19). The Hebrew word <i>nephesh</i>, traditionally translated "living soul" but more properly understood as "living creature," is the same word used for all breathing creatures and refers to nothing immortal."</span></li><li id="cite_note-thompson-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-thompson_2-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-thompson_2-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-thompson_2-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFThomson2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thomson (2008). <i>Bodies of thought: science, religion, and the soul in the early Enlightenment</i>. p. 42. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">For mortalists the Bible did not teach the existence of a separate immaterial or immortal soul and the word 'soul' simply meant 'life'; the doctrine of a separate soul was said to be a Platonic importation.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+of+thought%3A+science%2C+religion%2C+and+the+soul+in+the+early+Enlightenment&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament</i>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Steiner-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Steiner_4-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Steiner_4-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSteiner2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Steiner, Richard C. (2015). <i>Disembodied Souls: The Nefesh in Israel and Kindred Spirits in the Ancient Near East, with an Appendix on the Katumuwa Inscription</i>. Atlanta: SBL Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disembodied+Souls%3A+The+Nefesh+in+Israel+and+Kindred+Spirits+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+with+an+Appendix+on+the+Katumuwa+Inscription&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Even as we are conscious of the broad and very common biblical usage of the term "soul," we must be clear that scripture does not present even a rudimentarily developed theology of the soul. The creation narrative is clear that all life originates with God. Yet the Hebrew scripture offers no specific understanding of the origin of individual souls, of when and how they become attached to specific bodies, or of their potential existence, apart from the body, after death. The reason for this is that, as we noted at the beginning, the Hebrew Bible does not present a theory of the soul developed much beyond the simple concept of a force associated with respiration, hence, a life-force.", Avery-Peck, "Soul", in Neusner, et al. (eds.), "The Encyclopedia of Judaism", p. 1343 (2000)</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeyrey1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Neyrey (1985). "Soul". In Achtemeier; Harper; Row (eds.). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersbibledict00acht" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Harper's Bible Dictionary</i></a></span> (1st ed.). pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersbibledict00acht/page/982" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">982–983</a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">In the nt, 'soul' retains its basic Hebrew field of meaning. Soul refers to one's life: Herod sought Jesus' soul (Matt. 2:20); one might save a soul or take it (Mark 3:4). Death occurs when God 'requires your soul' (Luke 12:20). 'Soul' may refer to the whole person, the self: 'three thousand souls' were converted in Acts 2:41 (see Acts 3:23). Although the Greek idea of an immortal soul different in kind from the mortal body is not evident, 'soul' denotes the existence of a person after death (see Luke 9:25; 12:4; 21:19); yet Greek influence may be found in 1 Peter's remark about 'the salvation of souls' (1:9). A moderate dualism exists in the contrast of spirit with body and even soul, where 'soul' means life that is not yet caught up in grace. See also Flesh and Spirit; Human Being.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soul&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=982-983&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Neyrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharpersbibledict00acht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Strong-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Strong_7-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Strong_7-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Numbers come from Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance and Zondervan’s Exhaustive NIV Concordance.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBerry1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Berry, Wendell (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2OKiszvwvikC&q=body+plus+breath+of+life+equals+soul+be&pg=PA253" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Christianity and the Survival of Creation"</a>. In Wolfe, Gregory (ed.). <i>The New Religious Humanists</i>. The Free press. p. 253. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684832548" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780684832548"><bdi>9780684832548</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The crucial test is probably Genesis 2:7, which gives the process by which Adam was created: 'The Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life: and man became a living soul.' My mind, like most people's, has been deeply influenced by dualism, and I can see how dualistic minds deal with this verse. They conclude that the formula for man-making is man equals body plus soul. But that conclusion cannot be derived, except by violence, from Genesis 2:7, which is not dualistic. The formula given in Genesis 2:7 is not man equals body plus soul; the formula there is soul equals dust plus breath. According to this verse, God did not make a body and put a soul into it, like a letter into an envelope. He formed man of dust; then, by breathing His breath into it, He made the dust live. The dust, formed as man and made to live, did not <i>embody</i> a soul, it <i>became</i> a soul-that is, a whole creature. Humanity is thus presented to us, in Adam, not as a creature of two discrete parts temporarily glued together but as a single mystery.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+the+Survival+of+Creation&rft.btitle=The+New+Religious+Humanists&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=The+Free+press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780684832548&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OKiszvwvikC%26q%3Dbody%2Bplus%2Bbreath%2Bof%2Blife%2Bequals%2Bsoul%2Bbe%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://targum.info/pj/pjgen1-6.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://targum.info/onk/Gen1_6.htm%20" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Targum of Onkelos</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hastings, <i>A Dictionary of the Bible: Vol IV: Part I: Pleroma-Shimon</i>(Scribner's sons, 1902), s. v. "Psychology," 166–167.</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brevard S. Childs, <i>Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context</i>(Fortress, 1985), 199.</span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter A. Elwell, ed, <i>Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology</i>(Baker Books, 1966), s. v. “Soul”.</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G5590" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"G5590 - psychē - Strong's Greek Lexicon (KJV)"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G5590+-+psych%C4%93+-+Strong%27s+Greek+Lexicon+%28KJV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3Fstrongs%3DG5590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Garber_p._383-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Garber_p._383_15-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGarberAyers2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Garber; Ayers (2003). <i>The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century philosophy</i>. Vol. I. p. 383. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">But among philosophers they were perhaps equally notorious for their commitment to the mortalist heresy; this is the doctrine which denies the existence of a naturally immortal soul.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+seventeenth-century+philosophy&rft.pages=383&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Garber&rft.au=Ayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEccleshallKenney1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Eccleshall; Kenney (1995). <i>Western political thought: a bibliographical guide to post-war research</i>. p. 80. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">mortalism, the denial that the soul is an incorporeal substance that outlives the body</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+political+thought%3A+a+bibliographical+guide+to+post-war+research&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Eccleshall&rft.au=Kenney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKries1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kries (1997). <i>Piety and humanity: essays on religion and early modern political philosophy</i>. p. 97. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">In Leviathan, soul and body are one; there are no "separated essenses [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sic">sic</a>]"; death means complete death – the soul, merely another word for life, or breath, ceases at the death of the body. This view of the soul is known as Christian mortalism – a heterodox view held, indeed, by some sincere believers and not unique to Hobbes.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piety+and+humanity%3A+essays+on+religion+and+early+modern+political+philosophy&rft.pages=97&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Kries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Mortalism_p._65-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Mortalism_p._65_18-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBrandon2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brandon (2007). <i>The coherence of Hobbes's Leviathan: civil and religious authority combined</i>. p. 65. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Mortalism, the idea that the soul is not immortal by nature</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+coherence+of+Hobbes%27s+Leviathan%3A+civil+and+religious+authority+combined&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ezekiel 18:4, 20, "The soul that sins it shall die."</span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a class="external text" href="http://www.afterlife.co.nz/2013/theology/body-and_soul/matthew-1028-and-dualism-is-the-soul-immortal/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Matthew 10:28 and dualism | Is the soul Immortal ?"</a>, Jefferson Vann.</span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For the living know that they will die, but <i>the dead know nothing</i>; they have no further reward, and even their memory is gone. Their love, their hate and their jealousy have long since vanished; never again will they have a part in anything that happens under the sun." Ecc 9:5-6</span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHick1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hick (1994). <i>Death and eternal life</i>. p. 211. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">christian mortalism - the view that the soul either sleeps until the Day of Judgment, or is annihilated and re-created</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+eternal+life&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Hick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHorvath1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Horvath (1993). <i>Eternity and eternal life: speculative theology and science in discourse</i>. p. 108. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Thus the so-called <i>Ganztodtheorie</i>, or mortalism, states that with death the human person totally ceases to be.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternity+and+eternal+life%3A+speculative+theology+and+science+in+discourse&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Horvath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPocock2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pocock (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machiavellianmom00poco_0" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic Republic Tradition</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machiavellianmom00poco_0/page/35" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">35</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691114729" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780691114729"><bdi>9780691114729</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">doctrindes of mortalism or psychopannychism, which asserted that the being or the experience of the soul were suspended during the remainder of secular time</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+moment%3A+Florentine+political+thought+and+the+Atlantic+Republic+Tradition&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780691114729&rft.au=Pocock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmachiavellianmom00poco_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFudgePeterson2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fudge; Peterson (2000). <i>Two views of hell: a biblical & theological dialogue</i>. p. 173. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Theologian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fudge" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Fudge">Edward Fudge</a> defines mortalism as "the belief that according to divine revelation the soul does not exist as an independent substance after the death of the body."<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span></q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+views+of+hell%3A+a+biblical+%26+theological+dialogue&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Fudge&rft.au=Peterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAlmond1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Almond (1994). <i>Heaven and Hell in Enlightenment England</i>. p. 38. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">mortalist views - particularly of the sort which affirmed that the soul slept or died - were widespread in the Reformation period. George Williams has shown how prevalent mortalism was among the Reformation radicals.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell+in+Enlightenment+England&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Almond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goldingay" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Goldingay">Goldingay</a>, "Old Testament Theology", volume 2, p. 640 (2006)</span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabor, James, <a class="external text" href="http://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">What the Bible says about Death, Afterlife, and the Future.</a>"The ancient Hebrews had no idea of an immortal soul living a full and vital life beyond death, nor of any <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrection or return from death</a>. Human beings, like the beasts of the field, are made of "dust of the earth," and at death they return to that dust (Gen. 2:7; 3:19). The Hebrew word <i>nephesh</i>, traditionally translated "living soul" but more properly understood as "living creature," is the same word used for all breathing creatures and refers to nothing immortal.</span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology.</i></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Biblical Theology,</i> Father Xavier Leon Dufour, 1985.</span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New International Dictionary</i>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The early Hebrews apparently had a concept of the soul but did not separate it from the body, although later Jewish writers developed the idea of the soul further. Old Testament references to the soul are related to the concept of breath and establish no distinction between the ethereal soul and the corporeal body. Christian concepts of a body-soul dichotomy originated with the ancient Greeks and were introduced into Christian theology at an early date by St. Gregory of Nyssa and by St. Augustine.—<i>Britannica,</i> 2004</span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1988), Volume 11, page 25</span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://religible.com/562/questioning-immortality-soul-westminster-confession-ch-32/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Questioning the Immortality of the Soul In the Westminster Confession CH 32 « Religible"</a>. <i>Religible</i>. 2017-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religible&rft.atitle=Questioning+the+Immortality+of+the+Soul+In+the+Westminster+Confession+CH+32+%C2%AB+Religible&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligible.com%2F562%2Fquestioning-immortality-soul-westminster-confession-ch-32%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Twentieth century biblical scholarship largely agrees that the ancient Jews had little explicit notion of a personal afterlife until very late in the Old Testament period. Immortality of the soul was a typically Greek philosophical notion quite foreign to the thought of ancient Semitic peoples. Only the latest stratum of the Old Testament asserts even the resurrection of the body, a view more congenial to Semites." - Donelley, "Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's doctrine of man and grace", p. 99 (1976)</span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern scholarship has underscored the fact that Hebrew and Greek concepts of soul were not synonymous. While the Hebrew thought world distinguished soul from body (as material basis of life), there was no question of two separate, independent entities. A person did not have a body but was an animated body, a unit of life manifesting itself in fleshly form—a psychophysical organism (Buttrick, 1962). Although Greek concepts of the soul varied widely according to the particular era and philosophical school, Greek thought often presented a view of the soul as a separate entity from body. Until recent decades Christian theology of the soul has been more reflective of Greek (compartmentalized) than Hebrew (unitive) ideas.", Moon, "Soul", in Benner & Hill (eds.), "Baker encyclopedia of psychology & counseling, p. 1148 (2nd ed. 1999)</span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A broad consensus emerged among biblical and theological scholars that soul-body dualism is a Platonic, Hellenistic idea that is not found anywhere in the Bible. The Bible, from cover to cover, promotes what they call the "Hebrew concept of the whole person." G. C. Berkouwer writes that the biblical view is always holistic, that in the Bible the soul is never ascribed any special religious significance. Werner Jaeger writes that soul-body dualism is a bizarre idea that has been read into the Bible by misguided church fathers such as Augustine. Rudolf Bultmann writes that Paul uses the word soma (body) to refer to the whole person, the self, so that there is not a soul and body, but rather the body is the whole thing. This interpretation of Pauline anthropology has been a theme in much subsequent Pauline scholarship.", McMinn & Phillips, "Care for the soul: exploring the intersection of psychology & theology", pp. 107-108 (2001).</span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The general consensus is that the Old Testament rejected any natural or innate immortality.", McNamara, "Beauty and the Priest: Finding God in the New Age", p. 64 (1997).</span></li><li id="cite_note-Indeed_p._518-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Indeed_p._518_39-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indeed, the salvation of the 'immortal soul' has sometimes been a commonplace in preaching, but it is fundamentally unbiblical. Biblical anthropology is not dualistic but monistic: human being consists in the integrated wholeness of body and soul, and the Bible never contemplates the disembodied existence of the soul in bliss.", Myers (ed.), "The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary", p. 518 (1987).</span></li><li id="cite_note-Hence_2001-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-Hence_2001_40-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is no suggestion in the OT of the transmigration of the soul as an immaterial, immortal entity. Man is a unity of body and soul—terms that describe not so much two separate entities in a person as much as one person from different standpoints. Hence, in the description of man's creation in Genesis 2:7, the phrase 'a living soul' (kjv) is better translated as 'a living being.'", Elwell & Comfort (eds.), "Tyndale Bible dictionary", p. 1216 (2001)</span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Barr is surely right to stress that the Genesis story as it now stands indicates that humans were not created immortal, but had (and lost) the chance to gain unending life.’, Wright, ‘The Resurrection of the Son of God’, p. 92 (2003); Wright himself actually interprets some passages of Scripture as indicating alternative beliefs, "The Bible offers a spectrum of belief about life after death", Wright, "The Resurrection of the Son of God", p. 129 (2003)</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In contrast to the two enigmatic references to Enoch and Elijah, there are ample references to the fact that death is the ultimate destiny for all human beings, that God has no contact with or power over the dead, and that the dead do not have any relationship with God (see, inter alia, Ps. 6:6, 30:9–10, 39:13–14, 49:6–13, 115:16–18, 146:2–4). If there is a conceivable setting for the introduction of a doctrine of the afterlife, it would be in Job, since Job, although righteous, is harmed by God in the present life. But Job 10:20–22 and 14:1–10 affirm the opposite.", Gillman, "Death and Afterlife, Judaic Doctrines Of", in Neusner, "The Encyclopedia of Judaism", volume 1, p. 176 (2000)</span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Who knows whether the breath of human beings rises up and the breath of an animal sinks down to the earth?' (Eccles 3:21). In Qohelet's day there were perhaps people who were speculating that human beings would enjoy a positive afterlife, as animals would not. Qohelet points out that there is no evidence for this.", <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goldingay" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Goldingay">Goldingay</a>, "Old Testament Theology", volume 2, p. 644 (2006)<br />"The life of a human being came more directly from God, and it is also evident that when someone dies, the breath (rûaḥ, e.g., Ps 104:29) or the life (nepeš, e.g., Gen 35:18) disappears and returns to the God who is rûaḥ. And whereas the living may hope that the absence of God may give way again to God’s presence, the dead are forever cut off from God’s presence.241 Death means an end to fellowship with God and to fellowship with other people. It means an end to the activity of God and the activity of other people. Even more obviously, it means an end to my own activity. It means an end to awareness.", ibid., p. 640</span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSigvartsen2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sigvartsen, Jan Age (2019). <i>Afterlife and Resurrection Beliefs in the Pseudepigrapha</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 178–179. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68555-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68555-1"><bdi>978-0-567-68555-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afterlife+and+Resurrection+Beliefs+in+the+Pseudepigrapha&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68555-1&rft.aulast=Sigvartsen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPleijel2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pleijel, Richard (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzaw-2019-2007" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"To Be or to Have a nephesh?"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>. <b>131</b> (2): 194–206. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzaw-2019-2007" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1515/zaw-2019-2007</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=To+Be+or+to+Have+a+nephesh%3F&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-206&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzaw-2019-2007&rft.aulast=Pleijel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fzaw-2019-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+in+the+Bible"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But the Jew did not believe that human beings consist of an immortal soul entombed for a while in a mortal body.", Caird & Hurst, "New Testament Theology", p. 267 (1994).</span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While the idea of an immortal soul is an established belief for most Christians, it cannot be supported by Biblical texts.", Ford & Muers, "The modern theologians: an introduction to Christian theology since 1918", p. 693 (2005).</span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Consequently Buddhist and biblical views of the self agree that there exists no immortal soul that remains self-identically permanent through time.", Ford & Muers, "The modern theologians: an introduction to Christian theology since 1918", p. 693 (2005).</span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Berkouwer has a long chapter on the meaning of the soul called "The Whole Man." Here he denounces the theory of a "substantial dichotomy" between an immortal soul and a mortal body.", Moody, "The Word of Truth: A Summary of Christian Doctrine Based on Biblical Revelation", p. 182 (1990).</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Berkouwer's critique of belief in the natural immortality of the soul is as significant as it is Scriptural. At times he argues that "creedal caution" is better than dogmatic theology, but his main thrust is against the theory of belief in an immortal soul independent of God. Only God is by nature immortal, and man's immortality is a gift received in dependence upon the immortal God.", Moody, "The Word of Truth: A Summary of Christian Doctrine Based on Biblical Revelation", p. 182 (1990).</span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fudge admits that belief in the immortality of the soul is the main current in church history. He, however, favors another view: 'Crisscrossing all of this flows the stream of Christian mortalism. . . . This understanding appears as the sparkling water of pristine Christianity.' He defines mortalism as 'the belief that according to divine revelation the soul does not exist as an independent substance after the death of the body.'", Fudge & Peterson, "Two views of hell: a biblical & theological dialogue", p. 173 (2000).</span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Theodore R. Clark also taught it. In his view, the whole person is mortal and subject to final and total destruction.", Richards, "Winds of doctrines: the origin and development of Southern Baptist theology", p. 207 (1991).</span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is generally accepted that in biblical thought there is no separation of body and soul and, consequently, the resurrection of the body is central. The idea of an immortal soul is not a Hebrew concept but comes from Platonic philosophy. It is, therefore, considered a severe distortion of the NT to read this foreign idea into its teaching.", Vogels, "Review of "The Garden of Eden and the Hope of Immortality", by James Barr", Critical Review of Books in Religion, volume 7, p. 80 (1994).</span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several Evangelical theologians suggest that the concept of man possessing an 'immortal soul' is not the teaching of the Word of God. Clark Pinnock argues that its source is Plato (or Greek philosophy in general), and not the Bible.", Dixon, "What Is Man?", Emmaus Journal (9.2.168), 2000.</span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"That the idea of the soul's immortality as disembodied state beyond death is not popular amongst Christian theologians or among Christian philosophers today has already been acknowledged.", Hebblethwaite, "Philosophical theology and Christian doctrine", p. 113 (2005).</span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_in_the_Bible&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Salmond" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stewart Salmond">Stewart Salmond</a>, <i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiandoctri04salmgoog" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Christian Doctrine of Immortality</a></i></li></ul><div style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">MY OWN RELATED ARTICLES:</span></div><div style="font-size: 14px;"><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image315" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">The FALSE DOCTRINE About A Separable Immortal (SOUL).</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/the-false-doctrine-about-separable.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="The FALSE DOCTRINE About A Separable Immortal (SOUL)." height="181" id="Image315_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOgW2A39ZBdtkPFSrGKRb240A7jDreY5hUScn21Qhn5ABcNEbJzUAd6IAEGj43xkhrXeHJhwwHJfuKvjDTJzSoVK2zx835r6iu_dRslDrZLXQjFcWofMiJUw22M6IY95uLdCmZb0HJrq8/s1600/The+FALSE+DOCTRINE+About+A+Separable+Immortal+%2528SOUL%2529..jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">I would now like to share my new research proving why I was wrong, and reveal why MOST of Christianity are still wrong, by showing you the Biblical facts revealing how this is true, that the (SOUL) does depart from the BODY at DEATH, while proving also how the (SOUL) DIES at DEATH.</div></span></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image314" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">Part 5. Scriptures Proving THE UNSAVED Will Not Have ETERNAL LIFE ROASTING IN HELL FIRE</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/scriptures-proving-unsaved-will-not.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Part 5. Scriptures Proving THE UNSAVED Will Not Have ETERNAL LIFE ROASTING IN HELL FIRE" height="146" id="Image314_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3gEUvD3jc5nYTITjvSd5ufXay5jR-oVDJXdoi-DyliBM3s-Bl357-ZW4i8L9He3WEKUAbuiIzvEVMFcPX8dFfON6d5Cn4ACKA2p88jTslGuZxqiorKLt_LK2LRy_igO8kOnyBhZmjoLQd/s1600/Scriptures+Proving+THE+UNSAVED+Will+Not+Have+ETERNAL+LIFE+ROASTING+IN+HELL+FIRE+FOR+EVER+AND+EVER..jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">Welcome to my research in Part 5. Scriptures Proving THE UNSAVED Will Not Have ETERNAL LIFE ROASTING IN HELL FIRE FOR EVER AND EVER.</div></span></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image313" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">Part 4. The true meaning of Matthew 25:46.</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/part-4-true-meaning-of-matthew-2546.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Part 4. The true meaning of Matthew 25:46." height="146" id="Image313_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHdUjmZQFBOCg7qZ3EEix0HyMBQ19eKGEnZ6ZxCWje-ne7AD6NOYmFhHUFUZV99oMRblPVDWlA1VbLqqYMLqnTAhGMpulTneaiBUKgvYJBNyEAk2tJzsBe9QwdU2vki1Q6-a6DyArs2oeu/s1600/Matthew+25%253A46..jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">In this verse many Christians within the Trinity and the Oneness Pentecostal faiths have again become confused with understanding the simple truth of what Jesus is teaching here saying: And these will go away into eternal punishment.</div></span></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image311" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">Part 3. The true meaning of Mark 9:44, Mark 9:46,Mark 9:48.</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/part-3-true-meaning-of-mark-944-mark.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Part 3. The true meaning of Mark 9:44, Mark 9:46,Mark 9:48." height="149" id="Image311_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4FPf8lVRZckwZ-svWuwv4LWBRgaQp3cUahsz40s9jM558-UQKwiL2snd56zWZHX3THFGUTjXso8XQFzsRkpxm2Ujj_l-qzqQc_hpYzZh-a_ATncF6ZmlgLr_MpnPWMoYEKLSTk1ftE6dA/s1600/Part+3.+The+true+meaning+of+Mark+9-44.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">Here is another misunderstanding and false teaching within the TRINITY faith. Mark 9:44</div></span></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image310" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">Part 2. The true meaning of Revelation 20:10.</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/part-2-true-meaning-of-revelation-2010.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Part 2. The true meaning of Revelation 20:10." height="146" id="Image310_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6pInkrPjXSsSuuvqF8eWYdmAzxFrcLQDQB11-wAK9PVxBqV8UlR7OeTWmSaNEbu3o8Pud3mnUtpe6Dl7FwZiFqU0fnGpwRSiwL4-3I7RvPsAbrfHqSzYKTWJabB1mIRgiPutz1NFPq1dp/s1600/Revelation+20-10.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">What is Revelation 20:10 about?</div></span></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="widget Image" data-version="1" id="Image309" style="background-color: #7f007f; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 20px -16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(46, 46, 46); color: lime; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px -15px; padding: 0.6em 15px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: center;">Part 1 THE FALSE TEACHINGS OF BURNING IN HELL FIRE DAY AND NIGHT FOREVER & EVER, Revelation 14:11?</h2><div class="widget-content" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 2); margin: 0px -15px; padding: 7px 15px 0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-false-teachings-of-burning-in-hell.html" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Part 1 THE FALSE TEACHINGS OF BURNING IN HELL FIRE DAY AND NIGHT FOREVER & EVER, Revelation 14:11?" height="147" id="Image309_img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFNpiR8sC7nMTse1c4Lag40KzMCqkSwSfE-0NRK2jTwvVJSWH9IMhmw25uTZFc7goNevrUM6c0GLcGXkU2PKD4N3PC0pjYWiv_P7_V-mQVmxP9-EYnlbapajE_ckwqUoO7vY8frbeES3cY/s266/THE+FALSE+TEACHINGS+OF+BURNING+IN+HELL+FIRE+DAY+AND+NIGHT+FOREVER+AND+EVER%252C+Revelation+14%253A11%253F.png" style="border: none; position: relative; visibility: visible;" width="266" /></a></div><span class="caption"><div style="text-align: center;">There is a most horrible teaching taught within the Trinity and the Oneness Pentecostal faiths, teaching the lost will BURN IN HELL FIRE DAY AND NIGHT FOR EVER AND EVER who will NEVER DIE.</div></span></div></div></div></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-45593809061083635382023-05-22T06:46:00.036-07:002023-05-30T06:00:06.512-07:00WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVby6tRR9t30pXtsLiVyrvXDDBpuhKfQboxIkxmEUkLPeQry9q9oilr9jtRa9KOaKGmCvaRd4vkj5Y7djOulZCtxzkCyGbwshqODt4Z6QZBNLxf6Ww-JQ5vsCz7vFSczH2O1OYbaL2WGQ3zhs6DP69O6GgeqiCFrwTZ2Li2MYn5qurVz0wReODxOaJzA/s1430/WHY%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A216%20is%20NOT%20about%20the%20Genesis%20Creation.%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation" border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="1430" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVby6tRR9t30pXtsLiVyrvXDDBpuhKfQboxIkxmEUkLPeQry9q9oilr9jtRa9KOaKGmCvaRd4vkj5Y7djOulZCtxzkCyGbwshqODt4Z6QZBNLxf6Ww-JQ5vsCz7vFSczH2O1OYbaL2WGQ3zhs6DP69O6GgeqiCFrwTZ2Li2MYn5qurVz0wReODxOaJzA/w640-h358/WHY%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A216%20is%20NOT%20about%20the%20Genesis%20Creation.%20.png" title="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-size: large;">My update on Colossians 1:16!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Berean Study Bible Colossians 1:16</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For in Him (Jesus) all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities. All things were created through Him and for Him.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Most of Christianity believe Paul is saying and teaching: (All Things), is referring to (All Things) that has been created, from the very beginning of GODS creation, hence, like the earth, planets, heavens, and ALL life, as told in Genesis 1:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">World English Bible</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6EIXg29kLVyTTgl03CGy79owj87ZbVpxKdUFAxZQqFPHAFWD0lA5FpKz_CxWIxrbMkhS_wNdt6co74Zi_WwWxUCBvyGNxiZ9WV375rI4UHBhDqyJlWquBqz4fW2LoLGSLATqVnCqThKlnQBHtJrsEl63zeWMh4xucYPe0AWJmwOkQvJYED8I1FdqR_g/s1280/2%20Kings%2019-15..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GOD ALONE, CREATOR ALONE." border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6EIXg29kLVyTTgl03CGy79owj87ZbVpxKdUFAxZQqFPHAFWD0lA5FpKz_CxWIxrbMkhS_wNdt6co74Zi_WwWxUCBvyGNxiZ9WV375rI4UHBhDqyJlWquBqz4fW2LoLGSLATqVnCqThKlnQBHtJrsEl63zeWMh4xucYPe0AWJmwOkQvJYED8I1FdqR_g/w640-h360/2%20Kings%2019-15..jpg" title="2 Kings 19:15" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><span style="color: red;">Hezekiah prayed before Yahweh, and said, “Yahweh, the God of Israel, who are enthroned above the cherubim,<b><u> you are the God, even you alone,</u></b> of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Notice how we read in 2 Kings 19:15, how GOD The Father is GOD ALONE, who created the Genesis creation BY HIMSELF, ALONE, ON HIS OWN, as we read in Isaiah 44:24</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">👇👇👇👇👇👇👇</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkccBkWKhPpQPJuVm9TyHOiVGHE8qbJY17XtC9QBzPhkMvK0yz6-Ard6Nc6_lt_wtlg-hpvwv3ozarCrY-cXZURPdElm1_O5njZzco0e0oYUJmjE7JlrkaRMs2B2LbRPxb3SPAme66c6BscRT1J_F9NYk4Q0QGBuQ8Y-es3TkHu4e57V6JVr4uO1fxEQ/s1390/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Yahweh GOD is GOD and Creator alone." border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="1390" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkccBkWKhPpQPJuVm9TyHOiVGHE8qbJY17XtC9QBzPhkMvK0yz6-Ard6Nc6_lt_wtlg-hpvwv3ozarCrY-cXZURPdElm1_O5njZzco0e0oYUJmjE7JlrkaRMs2B2LbRPxb3SPAme66c6BscRT1J_F9NYk4Q0QGBuQ8Y-es3TkHu4e57V6JVr4uO1fxEQ/w640-h110/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" title="Isaiah 44:24" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;">If we believe what most of Christianity believe, that Jesus created ALL THINGS, or that GOD created ALL THINGS through Jesus, then we are simply CONTRADICTING the word of GOD, who says over, and over again, how He (YAHWEH GOD) ALONE, BY HIMSELF created the Genesis creation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">On the other hand, we do know the word of GOD teaches us how ALL THINGS were created IN GOD's PLAN, WITH Jesus FIRST (IN) Order, Precedence, Purpose, and RANK, before the foundation of the world, as Jesus was ''FOREKNOWN'' as we read in John 1:15, John 1:30, John 8:58, 1 Peter 1:20, </span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">having been 👉 <b>foreknown👈</b> indeed before the foundation of the world, but having been revealed in the last times for the sake of you,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">But notice how we are told by 1 Peter 1:20 how Jesus was 👉 <span style="color: red;">FOREKNOWN,</span> 👈 but <b><u>NOT, PREEXISTING!</u></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Acts 2:23 also confirms this saying: <span style="color: red;">Him delivered up<u><b> by the determinate plan and foreknowledge of God,</b></u> you put to death, having crucified Him by lawless hands,</span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">However, may I demonstrate how Paul is not teaching anything about the material world, that Jesus created the Genesis creation, or that GOD created the material world through Jesus as most of Christianity believe, making this yet again another deception and confusion within modern Christianity today.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"> Colossians 1:16</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For in Him all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities. All things were created through Him and for Him.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Firstly, did you notice how there is nothing said by Paul saying: <b><u>the earth itself, or the planets, and the heaven itself, or created beings were created,</u></b> as we were told what was created in Genesis 1.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">I) Paul does not mention the Genesis creation.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">2) Paul does not mention THE HEAVENS Itself.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">3) Paul is referring to what is (IN) the HEAVENS, NOT the HEAVEN itself, indicating the Heavens were ALREADY there.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">4) Paul does not mention THE EARTH ITSELF, but instead, what is, (ON) the EARTH, indicating the EARTH was ALREADY there.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The next question is, what is (IN) the HEAVENS, and (ON) the EARTH?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">The answer is IN the next statement by Paul saying:<span style="color: red;"> visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Lets have a look at what we can learn from the meaning of: <span style="color: red;">thrones or lordships or rulers or authorities.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">In the Strong's Concordance</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">thronos: a throne</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Original Word: θρόνος, ου, ὁ</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Transliteration: thronos</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Phonetic Spelling: (thron'-os)</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Definition: a throne</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Usage: a (king's) throne, seat; meton: power, dominion; a potentate.</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Strong's Concordance</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">kuriotés: lordship</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Original Word: κυριότης, τητος, ἡ</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Transliteration: kuriotés</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Phonetic Spelling: (koo-ree-ot'-ace)</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Definition: lordship</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Usage: (a) abstr: lordship, (b) concr: divine or angelic lordship, domination, dignity, usually with reference to a celestial hierarchy.</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Strong's Concordance</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">arché: beginning, origin</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Original Word: ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Transliteration: arché</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Phonetic Spelling: (ar-khay')</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Definition: beginning, origin</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Usage: (a) rule (kingly or magisterial), (b) plur: in a quasi-personal sense, almost: rulers, magistrates, (c) beginning.</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">HELPS Word-studies</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">746 arxḗ – properly, from the beginning (temporal sense), i.e. "the initial (starting) point"; (figuratively) what comes first and therefore is chief (foremost), i.e. has the priority because ahead of the rest ("preeminent").</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Strong's Concordance</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">exousia: power to act, authority</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Original Word: ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Transliteration: exousia</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Phonetic Spelling: (ex-oo-see'-ah)</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Definition: power to act, authority</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">Usage: (a) power, authority, weight, especially: moral authority, influence, (b) in a quasi-personal sense, derived from later Judaism, of a spiritual power, and hence of an earthly power.</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">HELPS Word-studies</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">1849 eksousía (from 1537 /ek, "out from," which intensifies 1510 /eimí, "to be, being as a right or privilege") – authority, conferred power; delegated empowerment ("authorization"), operating in a designated jurisdiction.</span></div><div><span style="color: #04ff00; font-size: large;">In the NT, 1849 /eksousía ("delegated power") refers to the authority God gives to His saints – authorizing them to act to the extent they are guided by faith (His revealed word).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">As we plainly and clearly see and read, Paul is talking about the thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities IN the HEAVEN, and ON the EARTH, when Jesus went to heaven all authorities and powers were given to Jesus.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Paul is referring to what Jesus told us in Matthew 28:18</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">And having come to them, Jesus spoke to them, saying, 👉<u> "All authority in heaven and on the earth has been given to Me.👈</u></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Conclusion:</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">As we have seen in Colossians 1:16, Paul is NOT talking about <b>the Genesis Creation,</b> but:<span style="color: red;"> 👉 <b><u>All authority</u> 👈</b>in heaven and on the earth which was given to Jesus.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">And this is confirmed in many more teachings in the Bible as below:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Ephesians 1:</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> 9 having made known to us the mystery of His will according to His pleasure, which He purposed in Him 10 for the administration of the fullness of the times, to bring together all things in Christ— 👉 <u><b>the things in the heavens and the things upon the earth. 👈</b></u></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Ephesians 1:</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> 20 which He worked in Christ, having raised Him out from the dead, and 👉 <u><b>having set Him at His right hand in the heavenly realms, 21 above every principality and authority and power and dominion,</b></u> 👈 and every name being named, not only in this age, but also in the one coming.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Ephesians 1:10</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">for the administration of the fullness of the times, to bring together all things in Christ--<u><b> 👉 the things in the heavens and the things upon the earth--👈</b></u></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 15:24</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">then the end, when He shall hand over the kingdom to the God and Father, 👉<u><b>when He shall have annulled all dominion, and all authority and power. 👈</b></u></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Ephesians 1:20</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">20 which He worked in Christ, having raised Him out from the dead,<b><u> 👉 and having set Him at His right hand in the heavenly realms, 21 above every principality and authority and power and dominion, and every name being named, 👈 </u></b>not only in this age, but also in the one coming. 22 And He put all things under His feet and gave Him to be head over all things to the church, 23 which is His body, the fullness of the One filling all in all.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This concludes the doctrine in which most believe that says Paul was teaching all things within the Genesis Creation was created by or through Jesus, is yet again another false doctrine and a deception, deceiving most into believing in a false PRE-HUMAN Christ, or some kind of pre-existing Spirit being or Angel.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Which therefore DENIES the true Man and Christ, and DENIES GOD the Father as GOD ALONE, and the creator ALONE, as said by GOD in many scriptures like Isaiah 44:24</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXrAN2ydBfIkIIxldRmEyU3lj0wxUSJ9Ub1tv3dDBgj20_v5GJNZAQSBZFwzy_ZvUjWXEXX_RHAR6uWHEtLjjeKbrQ0cdqTPuURKpAaNKrh6cbJyTMzigQrSCZtNW9aTkVpemeCLwnzw1vF4yhQ1yeVHKbQedzMmAxk14-wEeLWUSGiJfDnBQofz7VSg/s1390/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Yahweh God is GOD and creator alone." border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="1390" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXrAN2ydBfIkIIxldRmEyU3lj0wxUSJ9Ub1tv3dDBgj20_v5GJNZAQSBZFwzy_ZvUjWXEXX_RHAR6uWHEtLjjeKbrQ0cdqTPuURKpAaNKrh6cbJyTMzigQrSCZtNW9aTkVpemeCLwnzw1vF4yhQ1yeVHKbQedzMmAxk14-wEeLWUSGiJfDnBQofz7VSg/w640-h110/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" title="Isaiah 44:24" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">World English Bible</span></div></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Yahweh, your Redeemer, and he who formed you from the womb says: “I am Yahweh, who makes all things;👉 <b>who alone</b> 👈 stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth 👉 <b><u>by myself; 👈</u></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">To say and believe what most of Christianity say and believe and teach, that Jesus is the creator of the Genesis Creation, or GOD created all the Genesis Creation THROUGH Jesus, is CONTRADICTING and DENYING what the Father of creation tells us throughout His word.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notice in just some Scriptures below, how we never read there was a second or third person WITH GOD creating the Genesis Creation:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Genesis 1:1</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Job 12:10</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">in whose hand is the life of every living thing, and the breath of all mankind?</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Job 33:4 </span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Psalm 102:25</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Of old, you laid the foundation of the earth. The heavens are the work of your hands.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">Acts 17:24,25</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span>The God having made the world and all things that are in it, He being Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in hand-made temples, </span><span>nor is He served by hands of men as needing anything, Himself giving to all life and breath and everything.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: large;"><br /></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Related articles:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding_13.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding of Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEichowfCgi-4Uw2DBBpiZl2glmX59f_aZuOVuWIPi0WajeCrp8kSyCwxCZlNXrf5L-1ueCbh_tmU0G5Fl7t_N4BmhMc9okDDZnzkhlgk5z3W_42Z7jAtB9x-33nPJLHUcR_eJ3t2Tq6f3CD/w640-h640/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+of+Colossians+16%252C+and+17.++.png" title="Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="color: red; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding Of Colossians 1:15." border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="640" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Oa6VE4NQnGfFhyphenhyphenrOgvtUKFw1WtODIkLU0WeB1GMUPZE5tZ-3PXX5x6rWhf79Vr4O0mf5OKdv4kp-vSixL_6mzZkQkTfqx4CMF1Nqjtj7iYJzgvUCQE0jD-luTTD7DNNDTNiam0c0ktBP/w640-h340/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+Of+Colossians+1-15..png" title="Colossians 1:15." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/04/revelation-14-proves-jesus-is-not-first.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!" border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAai-yqr6d9vVnFye_CsnYsdS1a7fsG3Wmu_O-xBhsQaX0owpMGG9aE4UTl3Wxlmby07X_xQr6d-jqIxtc3tqEjO7HStMEuf0u-Wb42CImNePnk94q1Oigk7MBVonUmyTdrvzu0lF9RmyB1V0q5gfOfJeqA95iq-QlGVhDebZ8wCqheNnWoGRTiWHiQ/w640-h360/Revelation%201:5,%20PROVES%20Jesus%20Is%20NOT%20The%20FIRST%20person%20to%20EXIST!.png" title="Revelation 1:5" width="640" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Die9coqnKzA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation!" border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1124" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP17MHhEH05Hdh_A-SXv170DpldF3jOAYoGAaW4T2Fc6nrxyMz_vGY0zQgAnu9nvtVBvPPE9Aa8zEzpmGoBGZAEX6uKt8WAs3zgQZw0k149MQ3w0OigefTw6TfhgGK5G0jLnHfP-82zCbxdZnnljzs6FbVMJA_77iIu7YP_pMkLQO8RoRLqU9TV11DgQ/w640-h428/Video:%20WHY%20Colossians%201:16%20is%20NOT%20about%20the%20Genesis%20Creation!.png" title="You tube video: WHY Colossians 1:16 is NOT about the Genesis Creation!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></div></span></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-77410370156114778932023-04-24T12:08:00.042-07:002023-05-28T11:21:14.452-07:00Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST! <p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAai-yqr6d9vVnFye_CsnYsdS1a7fsG3Wmu_O-xBhsQaX0owpMGG9aE4UTl3Wxlmby07X_xQr6d-jqIxtc3tqEjO7HStMEuf0u-Wb42CImNePnk94q1Oigk7MBVonUmyTdrvzu0lF9RmyB1V0q5gfOfJeqA95iq-QlGVhDebZ8wCqheNnWoGRTiWHiQ/s1399/Revelation%201:5,%20PROVES%20Jesus%20Is%20NOT%20The%20FIRST%20person%20to%20EXIST!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1399" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieAai-yqr6d9vVnFye_CsnYsdS1a7fsG3Wmu_O-xBhsQaX0owpMGG9aE4UTl3Wxlmby07X_xQr6d-jqIxtc3tqEjO7HStMEuf0u-Wb42CImNePnk94q1Oigk7MBVonUmyTdrvzu0lF9RmyB1V0q5gfOfJeqA95iq-QlGVhDebZ8wCqheNnWoGRTiWHiQ/w640-h360/Revelation%201:5,%20PROVES%20Jesus%20Is%20NOT%20The%20FIRST%20person%20to%20EXIST!.png" title="Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Introduction:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">By Simon Brown.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Dear friends, thank you for joining me again, as I tell you about my latest insights and research on the book of Revelation.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">What I believe the best teacher in the world, teaches me, I would like to share with you.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Very sadly, not many people know Him, but I know Him, and His name is Jesus, The Son of The One True GOD John 10:36.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am at present digging deep into ''Revelations'' with thorough examinations, while seeking, and researching and asking Jesus </span><span style="font-family: arial;">for wisdom from GOD regarding probably the most complicated book in the Holy Bible called the Book of Revelation.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets start at the Beginning of The Book of Revelation.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please be kind to me, by letting me know if you believe I am wrong, as I am not in anyway perfect, and I know next to nothing, as I am always seeking, listening and learning with an open heart and mind, always discovering what I did not know.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I always like to stay in my own field, and stick to what I do know, like knowing the simple teachings in the Bible, that Jesus truly is the SON of His ONE TRUE GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I have been deceived too many times, and enough is enough.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now I walk upright, always denying myself, I feel GOD is telling me to broaden my field, and take the leap into The Book of Revelation, an Apocalypse, where John has Symbolic Visions and gives the Seven churches Symbolic Imagery, of the end times and completion of GOD's New Kingdom through Christ.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know about the past, please now follow me in my research to discover the future, and be ready for the next greatest events in history, where we will understand and see the last days and the end times of the Bible prophecies unfolding before our eyes preparing ourselves to be ready as the wise virgins, instead of the foolish virgins!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">◄ Revelation 1 ►</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Standard Bible<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Prologue</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Daniel 12:1–13)</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 This is the revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave Him to show His servants what must soon come to pass. He made it known by sending His angel to His servant John, 2 who testifies to everything he saw. This is the word of God and the testimony of Jesus Christ.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3 Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear and obey what is written in it, because the time is near.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There are many within Christianity like the Jehovah witnesses, who say Jesus was the FIRST ever person to EXIST BEFORE all creation.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">They will site their main scripture of Colossians 1:15 saying: Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is the image of the invisible God, </span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">👉the firstborn over all creation.👈</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And so many misunderstand Paul by believing Paul was teaching Jesus is </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the FIRST ever person to EXIST BEFORE all creation.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But notice what we read in the opening book of Revelation 1:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John Greets the Seven Churches</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> To the seven churches in Asia:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">4 Grace to you and peace from Him being and who was and who is coming, and from the seven Spirits before His throne, 5 and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, 👉 <b>the firstborn of the dead, </b>👈 <u>and the ruler of the kings of the earth.</u></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that: Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, <span style="color: red;">the firstborn of the dead,</span> and the ruler of the kings of the earth.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This verse alone proves how Jesus is NOT the FIRST EVER PERSON TO EXIST, as taught by many like the JWS, who say </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Jesus is the FIRST ever person to EXIST BEFORE all creation.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you notice how there is NO MENTION by John what so ever about Jesus being <b>the FIRST EVER PERSON TO EXIST.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>Would not, John saying Jesus was the first ever to EXIST, of GOD's creation be a most important fact to reveal?</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But instead John tells us how Jesus is <span style="color: red;">(The Firstborn of The Dead),</span> Revelations 1:4.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">WHY would John NOT say or tell us how Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh, as the FIRST EVER PERSON TO EXIST, if that doctrine were true, as many claim?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, what John does tell us in Revelation 1:5, by saying NOTHING about Jesus being the FIRST EVER PERSON TO EXIST, not only confirms with what Paul wrote in Colossians 1:15 saying Jesus is <span style="color: red;"><u>the firstborn over all creation.</u></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But proves that Paul did NOT mean what many believe, that Jesus is the FIRST EVER PERSON TO EXIST.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And confirms Paul meant what John said and meant, as we are told in Revelation 1:4, that Jesus is <span style="color: red;">(The Firstborn of The Dead) </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">and the ruler of the kings of the earth.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><a name='more'></a><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Part 2.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>NO PREEXSITING Jesus Revelation 1:5! </b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please hold on, as I am saving the best until last!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Colossians 1:16 Paul goes on to tell us:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">For in Him all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities. All things were created through Him and for Him. </span> Berean Standard Bible.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And again, MOST in the Christian faith believe Paul was teaching the whole of the Genesis creation was made by or through Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But if we go to the very next statement by John in Revelation 1:5, look at what we see and read, that Jesus is: <span style="color: red;">and the ruler of the kings of the earth,</span> Revelation 1:5.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And again look at what Paul says in Colossians 1:16: <span style="color: red;">For in Him all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, <u><b>whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities.</b></u> All things were created through Him and for Him. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now lets open our page to what Jesus told us in Matthew 28:18 And having come to them, Jesus spoke to them, saying, <span style="color: red;">"All authority in heaven and on the earth has been given to Me.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So, first point, did you notice how John 1:5 mentions nothing about Jesus being WITH GOD, or Jesus as the creator of the Genesis creation?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b style="text-align: center;"><u>And yet again, would not, John saying Jesus was WITH GOD at creation be a most important fact to reveal?</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This simply confirms how Paul is NOT teaching what MOST believe that Jesus was WITH GOD, or was the creator of the Genesis creation, but instead Paul is confirming with Matthew 28:18, and Revelation 1:5, saying: Jesus has: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">"All authority in heaven and on the earth,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> also as we read in Revelation 1:5 Jesus is: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">and the ruler of the kings of the earth.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Conclusion:</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The simple fact there is NO mention in Revelation 1:5, of Jesus Existing as the FIRST person in GODS creation.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And the simple fact there is NO mention of Jesus in Revelation 1:5 saying Jesus was WITH GOD, or is the creator of the Genesis creation, PROVES how many and most of Christianity have been deceived into believing what Paul did NOT mean, that Jesus is the FIRST person to Exist, and was WITH GOD or is the creator of Genesis.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This proves there are NO contradictions by Paul in Colossians 1:15,16, but instead Paul was teaching what Jesus and John said, wrote, and taught:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus has: <span style="color: red;">"All authority in heaven and on the earth</span> Matthew 28:18.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Revelation 1:5 Jesus is: <span style="color: red;">the ruler of the kings of the earth, </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Colossians 1:15 Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is the image of the invisible God, </span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">👉the firstborn over all creation.👈</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Meaning Jesus is </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">(The Firstborn of The Dead) </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Revelations 1:5.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Colossians 1:16: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; text-align: left;">For in Him all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities. All things were created through Him and for Him. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">All NEW things are being created by GOD through Christ!.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><!--more--><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;"> Related articles</span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://youtu.be/clHlxY9KluA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 1:5, PROVES Jesus Is NOT The FIRST person to EXIST!" border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="989" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0IXzt-QQeW8AH-bo5ZY33PQBjHt_OTSqh14egIu69jlIEi-bGMER3sj7WVLZRM6rVnE7fU2W4EAlYN0gr5-nI5XuqW6p6ZTs0_LPwfOpDVq8X4GTFuvLQ-xI5z5cluyGBzQ4qmEPtiJnW5BBGU1Dz6snReVePPtW-Ono6C9LCw2L-kBtx7MGcsB6PZg/w640-h458/Revelation%201:5,%20PROVES%20Jesus%20Is%20NOT%20The%20FIRST%20person%20to%20EXIST..png" title="Revelation 1:5" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding Of Colossians 1:15." border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="640" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Oa6VE4NQnGfFhyphenhyphenrOgvtUKFw1WtODIkLU0WeB1GMUPZE5tZ-3PXX5x6rWhf79Vr4O0mf5OKdv4kp-vSixL_6mzZkQkTfqx4CMF1Nqjtj7iYJzgvUCQE0jD-luTTD7DNNDTNiam0c0ktBP/w640-h340/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+Of+Colossians+1-15..png" title="The TRUE Meaning Of Colossians 1:15." width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_16.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Colossians 1:16!" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="640" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Zncy59gOfu5exPxIXOkTpKR8sFBMxIadjhm7Np6Q-VcmDR7PsASf39QGPtQYd_a3-aIcfQo1cQbkAES2bQKtCntRkrg-T-fygfC0XtojKsEhm9KgiHjOSJJXhp-K_t0gSPdiH7BiJZ-5McGfXiun4o7VcgLBOd4aZseZs5naakbs9VjOhQ9sq2n2qw/w640-h364/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A216!%20.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:16!" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Colossians 1:15!" border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="640" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rES3IPYyPk5hrVCE8HTo4xB_qz8-GJnIjJHVil4U97XjmkpXbc9bdSnAgk9yZlzqnkPPq8Cyly6J5TyvPYG8Pa8F_FmqxMPmRiTf1-2PenAyTJ48EFUQS1PjHw3t-fQHw3OO31kX_hJFfC4pNyLfYlpgVQOUS9UtNnlWkrHLkDe-k6aIC-Qv5nnx6w/w640-h364/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A215!.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:15!" width="640" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-correct-meaning-of-revelation-314.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Correct meaning of Revelation 3:14." border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJPQRQJSY3eG1kSH8u-FkTvEDeCwtGE7ixEB2FE2wywvcU2HoD9MMQB_B5lLeP3sMTmeTKPX7l682uplZ-MVOha_8NU0_hDMvMMGoQpJuhW-XoIOY9uS_2o1QToFLtQmBxn2i_QUeTzlsR/w640-h360/The+Correct+meaning+of+Revelation+3-14..jpg" title="The Correct meaning of Revelation 3:14." width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-73368115950805274632023-04-06T02:30:00.006-07:002023-04-12T12:28:51.250-07:00Was Jesus CRUCIFIED, RAISED from the DEAD, and WHY?<p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/03/was-jesus-crucified-raised-from-dead.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The death of Jesus." border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LtyctDefCPQ/WrTSB3YOtSI/AAAAAAAAGE0/gtHWaihzBZYunWtJ2ispff3QRyPY_PFMwCLcBGAs/w640-h360/Was%2BJesus%2BCRUCIFIED%252C%2BRAISED%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BDEAD%252C%2Band%2BWHY.jpg" title="Was Jesus CRUCIFIED, RAISED from the DEAD, and WHY?" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2018/03/was-jesus-crucified-raised-from-dead.html">Full article here</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/TtUcczGht8Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Parables of Jesus" border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="1154" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVh1GbPoocxtVnc2Tnr-Mf0iohZQehqV1QfniSYhOsqxxCbGlv8j5luXbtl_4V3_CFujnZQX3sIw--LSlghv7GXVnsiTF1cne-BrpqPaiJkDOAX1AXJFycwRgTWfQ0ZLEsVGziVFrWxX_xDLVQTAxszVixjPkjIdfS7MNYtc83soQ4YGRFTdS7Yut_5Q/w640-h418/Matthew%2018:12%20to%2014%20The%20Lost%20Sheep%20Parables%20of%20Jesus.png" title="Matthew 18:12 to 14 The Lost Sheep Parables of Jesus" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/nW5UMgXn3T8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Shroud film." border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="1157" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimosoC508wlll7H__wRtH4ezMgVZ5gsNDOxIngL-T_lHlneCFlR0_CNoSYIg_OTDBh1BG7zRLbgE6d6woTdJ19TWdIF7dVH3UGjT1nwN-eNh9GKr83_wxj3n0ijT1Mk25jmFrcXbj3ct6M509N9MLVFOIbof7eKL2OZQS9kJxeOfJNyuKSIHe59MPidQ/w640-h420/The%20Evidence%20and%20The%20True%20Face%20of%20The%20Shroud%20film..png" title="The Evidence and The True Face of The Shroud film." width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Evidence and The True Face of The Shroud film.</span></div></span><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xdj266r x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">As seen on TV. Presented by Emma Brown.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The crucifixion is the most significant event in the history of man, when God’s son Jesus Christ died so that we may be saved. Since that day, people have struggled to prove to themselves and others that the events described in the Bible really happened. Yet there remains only one real piece of concrete physical evidence for us to look to in order to discover the true face of Jesus. </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>Shroud of Turin is said to be the burial cloth of Jesus, and it is at once the most controversial and talked about artefact on the planet.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Analyzed for hundreds of years by scholars and scientists, many believe that the Shroud holds the key to proving once and for all that Jesus died for our sins just as described in The Bible. </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">This program discusses in accurate detail the scientific facts about the Shroud of Turin that show it is truly authentic. It addresses the infamous 1988 radiocarbon dating of the cloth that declared it medieval in origin and disputes those results with new scientific information that has come to light in recent years. It provides the viewer with an honest appraisal of what is truly known about the Shroud and does so in an interesting and honest manner.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">WATCH FILM HERE: <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://youtu.be/nW5UMgXn3T8?fbclid=IwAR2ePYXtIs8CyDMekeTzSdPGnr7lTlawNLDbIE54bIdrAk3YCR8UtUu4dWE" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/nW5UMgXn3T8</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/is-shroud-of-turin-fake-or-forgery-as.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="the Shroud of Turin" border="0" data-original-height="104" data-original-width="640" height="104" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8lP6AKISJA/VPDu4ckwInI/AAAAAAAAAmg/hkqKuJp9gBAPWuSUHUJnkAoD5AjCrolZQCPcBGAYYCw/w640-h104/Shroud%2Bof%2BTurin..jpg" title="the Shroud of Turin" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: #838383; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: white;">Your st<br /> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="color: #838383; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: 12px; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #838383; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1482610132?keywords=shroud%20of%20turin&qid=1447918669&ref_=sr_1_1&s=books&sr=1-1" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself Paperback By Simon Brown." border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1121" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKxtgiWEBL0YBehO0zwa6N7YBqQTmdYCU8u4ETI_LB28foutbIX7tiLc8yL_h__alOEHP67Nh8ZVI_I1ArKt81cRHhMDHWGghOMf10tgG4I2TPcDFqwKm-QeFiDvEYWeEns2x4WcumqCKbMhtLkaQ2TXYUlN3qsmy1usNAUGvh6kUTH36HkkZfXP76cg/w640-h328/The%20Shroud%20of%20Turin%20Speaks%20for%20Itself%20Paperback.png" title="The Shroud of Turin Paperback By Simon Brown." width="640" /></a></div><br style="color: #838383; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: 12px; white-space: normal;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #838383; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "sans serif"; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><br /></div></div></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-16236659325864601472023-04-01T12:42:00.003-07:002023-04-01T12:49:23.767-07:00WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh!<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45NrTBwc5A6hxHEl79GFCEJDc1Z94vQrdBzqLd4G7xkv5KORalr9VXCssM-auTdg5UG0RgUQMiP4FWGCMARGo61BCGp2qy3BWaMLHirer41khv4yNamFeAD8dc_J8FKNZIl2wWW20KX5FeiyJkHf72Jo5hHF-qalrBx4EIdxVjCSzz-4mvkF0g6SnTw/s1424/WHY%20Jesus%20did%20not%20Pre-exist%20His%20flesh!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh!" border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="1424" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45NrTBwc5A6hxHEl79GFCEJDc1Z94vQrdBzqLd4G7xkv5KORalr9VXCssM-auTdg5UG0RgUQMiP4FWGCMARGo61BCGp2qy3BWaMLHirer41khv4yNamFeAD8dc_J8FKNZIl2wWW20KX5FeiyJkHf72Jo5hHF-qalrBx4EIdxVjCSzz-4mvkF0g6SnTw/w640-h356/WHY%20Jesus%20did%20not%20Pre-exist%20His%20flesh!.png" title="WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh!" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Most Christians believe Jesus is GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But that's not possible, simply because GOD cannot die, yet Jesus died.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please don't be fooled in believing Jesus is both GOD and MAN, as there are no such teachings throughout the Bible.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said how GOD is SPIRIT.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yes, we know GOD was IN Jesus, as a Father and Son, who act as ONE.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD being in His SON makes TWO SEPARATE beings, and NOT ONE GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As GOD was IN Jesus that proves Jesus is not GOD, and if Jesus Pre-existed His flesh, then He must have been some kind of Holy Spirit being, or a Holy Angel of GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, that's also not possible, simply because Holy Spirit's of GOD, or GOD's Holy Angels also cannot die, yet Jesus died.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">On top of them simple Biblical facts, as The First MAN Adam did not pre- exist his flesh, the same case has to apply to Jesus, the second and last perfect Adam, who also could not, and did not pre- exist His flesh.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The final witness that Jesus was NOT GOD, or some kind of pre-human, or a pre-existing Spirit being, or an Angel, is seen in Hebrews 1, and there we see how Jesus: <span style="color: red;">4 having become by so much superior to the angels, as much as He has inherited a name more excellent beyond theirs.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">5 For to which of the angels did He ever say:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“You are my Son;</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">today I have begotten You”?</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And again:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“I will be to Him for a Father,</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and He will be to Me for a Son”?</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">6 And again, when He brings the Firstborn into the world, He says:</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“And let all God’s angels worship Him.”</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There in Hebrews 1: we see how Jesus inherited a name more excellent beyond Spirit beings or Angels, proving He was NOT a pre - existing being or an Angel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lastly, I like to save the best till last.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus has a Title like no other, as the (ONLY BEGOTTEN SON) of the ONE TRUE GOD, John 1:18 John 3:16.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMrhgXCVHSti0g0hxKyZPbiBYOc84kgd3l_t_qAVNR8JJZ48JkqiIreUOOr8gggKJTMFYwCMFsZVowSsYsbnvECc75y6qDjiPUC4oSiGaedZf5XJ-NsOBFyAoL-Byle-Ez-1gen305oC-7c_WuM36jIdeL__40fEHDzthaTVXqTgxlbvG4O_Pi4VePWQ/s1280/Only%20BEGOTTEN%20God..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 1:18" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMrhgXCVHSti0g0hxKyZPbiBYOc84kgd3l_t_qAVNR8JJZ48JkqiIreUOOr8gggKJTMFYwCMFsZVowSsYsbnvECc75y6qDjiPUC4oSiGaedZf5XJ-NsOBFyAoL-Byle-Ez-1gen305oC-7c_WuM36jIdeL__40fEHDzthaTVXqTgxlbvG4O_Pi4VePWQ/w640-h360/Only%20BEGOTTEN%20God..jpg" title="John 1:18" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus Pre-existed His flesh, He would be some kind of Spirit being, or an Angel, but Spirit beings or Angels were created by GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">On the other hand, Jesus was NOT created from the DUST, and has no human Father, as He declared, He came from GOD, and GOD is His Father, and this is why there is NO other MAN, or Spirit being, or Angel, who is called the (ONLY BEGOTTEN SON) of the ONE TRUE GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">These simple facts, prove how MOST of Christianity are deceived, into believing in a false pre- existing Christ, who is NOT the TRUE MAN and the true Christ Jesus, of GOD.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/nKj-7jbejbU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh!" border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="999" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOkpj6DWAJRH7UY6SCDStdcoq1_Ws6ElJSvOmaT6LoeJzwFxDac6gXlXje-u63R-qiV_Aq2evFp_P1QXaMh8fMvRWQcmlNrTTEEb7wDK3GnPcHi74zhVEWk5oscvTR_975bIaRWHEjnmkAWn6CbjTIy2d9Yfws0j2VG0muMDJxUtBMx6JWvJtF59wbcw/w640-h430/WHY%20Jesus%20did%20not%20Pre-exist%20His%20flesh!%20You%20Tube..png" title="WHY Jesus did not Pre-exist His flesh! You Tube Video!" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Related articles:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/how-did-jesus-come-down-from-heaven-if.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven, If He Was Not In Heaven?" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="639" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZC-e-I4bo0j6oEEH4oDfUEcXpV5W5EwybiiR7Pdwcga0ELnM3zQi8Y6j_N6W3xsI29B1bTxoUD76ZlqbwdWNsjL3D0nmYnTGLDpdtLNcmFbOsHdDKpPBxDNG2CDg-BEy5moG5W7v2WGe4Woll7QkpEmKZ8_zQu6nl7eY56SNlOO51EbAVEvy42OiWg/w640-h358/How%20Did%20Jesus%20COME%20DOWN%20From%20Heaven,%20If%20He%20Was%20Not%20In%20Heaven.png" title="How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven, If He Was Not In Heaven?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/is-jesus-michael-angel.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="639" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ESFJvM_LycEm4IHNxZ9oGkf3WlTXiU48aXyuRpoHTl0Py-PnwAVtwb_4FUuySYSPF8apS9dwqeY7JBWKlAk7PmOwfwnjVHHIjYklp5SI-k3WRp_AAtazOOmXjb9Yavc11nwtz4mFreGxvASjV61JZUYPWNBP5CgmrM1M2SZ06ZHlskEltDeGHc5MQA/w640-h358/Is%20Jesus%20Michael%20The%20Archangel.png" title="Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/who-is-true-and-only-begotten-son-of-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnH3zspWbYKYepqTuheXsXC_P86AEMjpsT2LHrOHnzZ8KQU12bcy40D_DJ4oSU8U1zaHY5n26KIjX1DA8TA9T7CeWTkjI1fCAAgRBXTh9mz0qgCYYEmpEXZIDTtqX-crENYExf9UzmRG2/w640-h358/WHO+IS+THE+TRUE+AND+ONLY+BEGOTTEN+SON+OF+GOD..jpg" title="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" width="640" /></a></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-86945673794364318862023-03-16T14:46:00.013-07:002023-03-22T12:44:21.565-07:00How Saint Stephen DEBUNKS The Oneness Pentecostal Faith!<p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-WKZH9lGj5kp4hxeYCvMo2i_hk1-u1HAWMyH8XmfH5bdQXybsAdRNii1puekCEnbNlXoqNHPVAaOTC--QCBmIdUTx-hv-6092CTDq8vlXHIlEKM1-04Cmw0BRQK20FIT6odoan7ZpXxE9V5B4kKn3nbQNk6YPL1N9l6elVdWWkZjifg1XPEDFIqR7g/s1376/How%20Saint%20Stephen%20DEBUNKS%20The%20Oneness%20Pentecostal%20Faith!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Acts 7:55." border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1376" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-WKZH9lGj5kp4hxeYCvMo2i_hk1-u1HAWMyH8XmfH5bdQXybsAdRNii1puekCEnbNlXoqNHPVAaOTC--QCBmIdUTx-hv-6092CTDq8vlXHIlEKM1-04Cmw0BRQK20FIT6odoan7ZpXxE9V5B4kKn3nbQNk6YPL1N9l6elVdWWkZjifg1XPEDFIqR7g/w640-h358/How%20Saint%20Stephen%20DEBUNKS%20The%20Oneness%20Pentecostal%20Faith!.png" title="How Saint Stephen DEBUNKS The Oneness Pentecostal Faith!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Ezekiel 1:28 World English Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of Yahweh’s glory. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Word of GOD, speaks the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When we correctly understand The Word of GOD, we discover it's accuracy, and that makes me TREMBLE for the whole world who are mostly unbelievers, including most of Christianity.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Here, in Acts 7:55-56, we have another accurate and POWERFUL Scripture.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This Scripture alone, on its own reveals how Steven did not believe in the Oneness Pentecostal God, who believe their God created Himself a BODY and called it Jesus, who they say manifesting himself in many ways, including as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let's see if there is any truth in what the Oneness Pentecostal faith say, believe and teach, that GOD the Father made himself a body and called it Jesus.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">To get to know who Steven was, please see below an article on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets have a look at what Steven said in Acts 7:55-56</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But he being full of the Holy Spirit, having looked intently into heaven, <u><b>saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God,</b></u></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and he said, "Behold, I see the heavens having been opened, and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God."</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see what I did?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Steven said how he:<span style="color: red;"> looked intently into heaven, saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And what Steven said, poses some serious questions for the many and most faiths who believe Jesus is GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This is because Steven said Jesus was standing at the right hand of God.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, how could Jesus be the same ONE TRUE GOD, if Jesus is standing at the right hand of GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The ONE TRUE GOD, does NOT have another ONE TRUE GOD with Him or next to Him, or beside Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Isaiah 45:5</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">World English Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I am Yahweh, and there is no one else.<u><b> Besides me, there is no God. </b></u>I will strengthen you, though you have not known me,</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This is why Yahweh GOD is called the ONE TRUE GOD, as the name of GOD as the (ONE TRUE GOD), defines GOD as ONE GOD ALONE on His own.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read Steven saying: <span style="color: red;">Jesus was standing at the right hand of God.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Which simply means and proves Steven did NOT believe Jesus was GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD as most of Christianity believe, that would mean there are TWO GODS side by side.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And that's impossible, because the whole Bible teaches us there is BUT ONE GOD who is the Father 1 Corinthians 8:6</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And what Steven tells us also proves how the Oneness Pentecostal faith is also wrong and deceived.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because they say, believe and teach how GOD the Father manifests himself in many ways as the Son, and Holy Spirit. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But as Steven said: <span style="color: red;">Jesus was standing at the right hand of God, </span>which simply proves GOD was NOT manifesting himself in many ways as the Son.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because we see how the SON is a REAL PERSON who is WITH GOD, side by side, as a Father and SON, as Steven said he saw: <span style="color: red;">Jesus was standing at the right hand of God.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Steven never said Jesus was GOD.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Believing GOD is the SON, or that the Father is the SON, is simply a false Gospel denying the Father and the SON. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And that all concludes how most of Christianity have been deceived, into believing in a false Christ called GOD the SON.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; text-align: start; z-index: 0;"><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="font-size: calc(0.875em); overflow: hidden;"><div class="mw-indicators" style="float: right; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: calc(0.875em); font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">This article is about Deacon Stephen, the first martyred saint. For the first king of Hungary, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stephen of Hungary">Saint Stephen of Hungary</a>. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen (disambiguation)">St. Stephen (disambiguation)</a>.</div><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above n" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display: inline; font-size: 11.858px; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div class="fn" style="display: inline;">Stephen</div></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-stephen.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="St-stephen.jpg" data-file-height="4226" data-file-width="2825" decoding="async" height="329" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/220px-St-stephen.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/330px-St-stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/440px-St-stephen.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Saint Stephen</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deacon">Deacon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a><br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_of_the_Seventy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostle of the Seventy">Apostle of the Seventy</a><br />Protomartyr of The Faith<br />First Martyr</th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">5 AD</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">33–36 AD (aged 28–32)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a><br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Churches</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a><br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Congregation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">25 December (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christianity</a>)<br />26 December (Western)<br />27 December, 4 January, 2 August, 15 September (Eastern)<br />Tobi 1 (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_symbolism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Martyr" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Red Martyr">Red Martyr</a>, stones, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censer" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censer">censer</a>, miniature church, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Book" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr%27s_palm" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martyr's palm">martyr's palm</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox and Eastern Christianity</a> he often wears an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orarion" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orarion">orarion</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_server" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Altar server">Altar Servers</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://totus2us.com/vocation/saints/st-stephen/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a>;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma</a> Indian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricklayer" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayers</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coffin">casket</a> makers; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetona" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cetona">Cetona, Italy</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacons" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deacons">deacons</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Headache">headaches</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Horse">horses</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessel,_Belgium" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kessel, Belgium">Kessel, Belgium</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masonry">masons</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Owensboro, Kentucky">Owensboro, Kentucky</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passau">Passau, Germany</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodoma" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Srpska" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Republic of Srpska">Republic of Srpska</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prato">Prato, Italy</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-stephen-the-martyr/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Stephen</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Στέφανος</span></span> <i>Stéphanos</i>, meaning "wreath, crown" and by extension "reward, honor, renown, fame", often given as a title rather than as a name; c. 5 – c. 34 AD) is traditionally venerated as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomartyr" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protomartyr">protomartyr</a> or first martyr of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ssdca_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-ssdca-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, he was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in the early Church at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> who angered members of various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> by his teachings. Accused of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A51%E2%80%9353&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:51–53]</a></sup> and was then <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoned_to_death" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stoned to death">stoned to death</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_of_Tarsus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saul of Tarsus">Saul of Tarsus</a>, later known as Paul, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisee" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> and Roman citizen who would later become a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Christian apostle</a>, participated in Stephen's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+22%3A20&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 22:20]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The only source for information about Stephen is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> book of the Acts of the Apostles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newadvent_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Newadvent-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Stephen is mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts 6">Acts 6</a> as one of the Greek-speaking <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Jew" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic Jew">Hellenistic Jews</a> selected to participate in a fairer distribution of welfare to the Greek-speaking widows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> view Stephen as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint">saint</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Artistic representations often show Stephen with a crown symbolising martyrdom, three stones, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_branch_(symbol)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palm branch (symbol)">martyr's palm frond</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censer" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censer">censer</a>, and often holding a miniature church building. Stephen is often shown as a young, beardless man with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, wearing a deacon's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestments" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vestments">vestments</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stephen is first mentioned in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> as one of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deacons" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven deacons">seven deacons</a> appointed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> to distribute food and charitable aid to poorer members of the community in the early church. According to Orthodox belief, he was the eldest and is therefore called "archdeacon".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oca_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-oca-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> As another deacon, Nicholas of Antioch, is specifically stated to have been a convert to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, it may be assumed that Stephen was born Jewish, but nothing more is known about his previous life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newadvent_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Newadvent-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The reason for the appointment of the deacons is stated to have been dissatisfaction among <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> (that is, Greek-influenced and Greek-speaking) Jews that their widows were being slighted in preference to Hebraic ones in the daily distribution of food. Since the name "Stephanos" is Greek, it has been assumed that he was one of these Hellenistic Jews. Stephen is stated to have been full of faith and the Holy Spirit and to have performed miracles among the people.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+6%3A5%2C+8&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 6:5, 8]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_stephen.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="311" decoding="async" height="273" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St_stephen.jpg/170px-St_stephen.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St_stephen.jpg/255px-St_stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/St_stephen.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_stephen.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Stoning of Saint Stephen</i>, altarpiece of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, by Jacopo & Domenico <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a></div></div></div><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">It seems to have been among synagogues of Hellenistic Jews that he performed his teachings and "signs and wonders" since it is said that he aroused the opposition of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Freedmen</a>", and "of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene_(city)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyrene (city)">Cyrenians</a>, and of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexandria">Alexandrians</a>, and of them that were of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and Asia".<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+6%3A9&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 6:9]</a></sup> Members of these synagogues had challenged Stephen's teachings, but Stephen had bested them in debate. Furious at this humiliation, they suborned false testimony that Stephen had preached blasphemy against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a> and God. They dragged him to appear before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, the supreme legal court of Jewish elders, accusing him of preaching against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Torah">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+6%3A9%E2%80%9314&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 6:9–14]</a></sup> Stephen is said to have been unperturbed, his face looking like "that of an angel".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Newadvent_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Newadvent-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Speech_to_Sanhedrin">Speech to Sanhedrin</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Speech to Sanhedrin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In a long speech to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> comprising almost the whole of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts 7">Acts chapter 7</a>, Stephen presents his view of the history of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israelites">Israel</a>. The God of glory, he says, appeared to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, thus establishing at the beginning of the speech one of its major themes, that God does not dwell only in one particular building (meaning the Temple).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Stephen recounts the stories of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarchs</a> in some depth, and goes into even more detail in the case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a>. God appeared to Moses in the burning bush,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A30%E2%80%9332&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:30–32]</a></sup> and inspired Moses to lead his people out of Egypt. Nevertheless, the Israelites turned to other gods.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A39%E2%80%9343&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:39–43]</a></sup> This establishes the second main theme of Stephen's speech, Israel's disobedience to God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Stephen faced two accusations: that he had declared that Jesus would destroy the Temple in Jerusalem and that he had changed the customs of Moses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated in 2012 that St. Stephen appealed to the Jewish scriptures to prove how the laws of Moses were not subverted by Jesus but, instead, were being fulfilled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Stephen denounces his listeners<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> as "stiff-necked" people who, just as their ancestors had done, resist the Holy Spirit. "Was there ever a prophet your ancestors did not persecute? They even killed those who predicted the coming of the Righteous One. And now you have betrayed and murdered him."<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A51%E2%80%9353&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:51–53]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_stoning_of_Stephen">The stoning of Stephen</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The stoning of Stephen">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 262px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="642" data-file-width="952" decoding="async" height="175" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/260px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/390px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/520px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Stoning of Saint Stephen</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giovanni Battista Lucini">Giovanni Battista Lucini</a></div></div></div><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thus castigated, the account is that the crowd could contain their anger no longer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> However, Stephen looked up and cried, "Look! I see heaven open and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_man" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of man">Son of Man</a> standing on the right hand of God!" He said that the recently resurrected Jesus was standing by the side of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams2_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams2-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A54&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:54]</a></sup> The people from the crowd, who threw the first stones,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams2_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams2-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> laid their coats down so as to be able to do this, at the feet of a "young man named Saul" (later identified as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>). Stephen prayed that the Lord would receive his spirit and his killers be forgiven, sank to his knees, and "fell asleep".<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A58%E2%80%9360&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:58–60]</a></sup> Saul "approved of their killing him."<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8%3A1&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 8:1]</a></sup> In the aftermath of Stephen's death, the remaining disciples except for the apostles fled to distant lands, many to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+11%3A19%E2%80%9320&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 11:19–20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Location_of_the_martyrdom">Location of the martyrdom</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Location of the martyrdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The exact site of Stephen's stoning is not mentioned in Acts; instead there are two different traditions. One, claimed by noted French archaeologists <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Hugues_Vincent" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis-Hugues Vincent">Louis-Hugues Vincent</a> (1872–1960) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Marie_Abel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Félix-Marie Abel">Félix-Marie Abel</a> (1878–1953) to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient history">ancient</a>, places the event at Jerusalem's northern gate, while another one, dated by Vincent and Abel to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and no earlier than the 12th century, locates it at the eastern gate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corpus_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Corpus-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Views_of_Stephen.27s_speech"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_of_Stephen's_speech">Views of Stephen's speech</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Views of Stephen's speech">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1920" data-file-width="1422" decoding="async" height="230" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/170px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/255px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/340px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Saint Stephen</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Morales" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luis de Morales">Luis de Morales</a></div></div></div><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Of the numerous speeches in Acts of the Apostles, Stephen's speech to the Sanhedrin is the longest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Koivisto_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Koivisto-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> To the objection that it seems unlikely that such a long speech could be reproduced in the text of Acts exactly as it was delivered, some Biblical scholars have replied that Stephen's speech shows a distinctive personality behind it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are at least five places where Stephen's re-telling of the stories of Israelite history diverges from the scriptures where these stories originated; for instance, Stephen says that Jacob's tomb was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>,<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A16&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 7:16]</a></sup> but Genesis 50:13<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+50%3A13&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Genesis 50:13]</a></sup> says Jacob's body was carried and buried in a cave in Machpelah at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>.<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8%3A1&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 8:1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Some theologians argue that these may not be discrepancies, but rather a condensing of historical events for people who were already familiar with them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> That Jacob's body was carried to a final resting place in Shechem is not recorded in Genesis, though it does not exclude the possibility that his bones were transferred to Shechem for a final burial place, as was done with the bones of Jacob's son Joseph, as described in <a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+24%3A32&version=NIV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Joshua 24:32</a> Other scholars consider them as errors. Still others interpret them as deliberate choices making theological points.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Koivisto_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Koivisto-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Another possibility is that the discrepancies come from an ancient Jewish tradition which was not included in the scriptures or may have been popular among people of Jerusalem who were not scribes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Numerous parallels between the accounts of Stephen in Acts and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> – they both perform miracles, they are both tried by the Sanhedrin, they both pray for forgiveness for their killers, for instance – have led to suspicions that the author of Acts has emphasised – in order to show the recipient that people become holy when they follow the example of Christ – or invented some (or all) of these.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams2_9-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams2-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The criticism of traditional Jewish belief and practice in Stephen's speech is very strong – when he says God does not live in a dwelling "made by human hands", referring to the Temple, he is using an expression often employed by Biblical texts to describe idols.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williams_6-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Williams-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some people have laid the charge of anti-Judaism against the speech, for instance the priest and scholar of comparative religion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._G._F._Brandon" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S. G. F. Brandon">S. G. F. Brandon</a>, who states: "The anti-Jewish polemic of this speech reflects the attitude of the author of Acts."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Commentary">Commentary</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Commentary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Justus_Knecht" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Friedrich Justus Knecht">Friedrich Justus Knecht</a> lists the similarities of the martyrdom of Stephen to Jesus' death on the cross:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">1. Our Blessed Lord was sentenced to death on the charge of blasphemy, because He had affirmed on oath: “I am the Son of the living God, and hereafter you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of God.” In the same manner Stephen was stoned on the assumption that he was a blasphemer, and because he professed his belief in the Divinity of Jesus, and said: “I see heaven open, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.” 2. Both our Blessed Lord and St. Stephen were treated as outcasts, and put to death outside the city. 3. Both, when dying, prayed for their enemies: “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.” — “Lay not this sin to their charge.” 4. Both, before dying, commended their souls to God: “Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit.” — “Lord Jesus, receive my soul!” <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tomb_and_relics_of_Stephen">Tomb and relics of Stephen</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Tomb and relics of Stephen">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2304" data-file-width="3072" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/220px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/330px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/440px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Reputed site of the stoning of Stephen, Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidron_Valley" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a>, Jerusalem</div></div></div><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Acts 8:2<sup class="nourlexpansion reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+8%3A2&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[Acts 8:2]</a></sup> says "Godly men buried Stephen and mourned deeply for him," but the location where he was buried is not specified.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 415, a priest named <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr._Lucian&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fr. Lucian (page does not exist)">Lucian</a> purportedly had a dream that revealed the location of Stephen's remains at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jimal" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a>. After that, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relic">relics</a> of the protomartyr were taken in procession to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormition_Abbey" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dormition Abbey">Church of Hagia Sion</a> on 26 December 415, making it the date for the feast of Saint Stephen. In 439, the relics were translated to a new church north of the Damascus Gate built by the empress <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a> in honor of Saint Stephen. This church was destroyed in the 12th century. A 20th-century French Catholic church, Saint-Étienne, was built in its place, while another, the Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, was built outside the eastern gate of the city,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> which a second tradition holds to be the site of his martyrdom, rather than the northern location outside Damascus Gate (for the two traditions see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#Location_of_the_martyrdom" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">here</a>).</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> initially called the main northern gate of Jerusalem "Saint Stephen's Gate" (in Latin, <i>Porta Sancti Stephani</i>), highlighting its proximity to the site of martyrdom of Saint Stephen, marked by the church and monastery built by Empress Eudocia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boasp53_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-Boasp53-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> A different tradition is documented from the end of the Crusader period, after the disappearance of the Byzantine church: as Christian pilgrims were prohibited from approaching the militarily exposed northern city wall, the name "Saint Stephen's Gate" was transferred to the still accessible eastern gate, which bears this name until this day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-MurphyOConnor-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The relics of the protomartyr were later translated to Rome by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pope Pelagius II</a> during the construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a>. They were interred alongside the relics of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>, whose tomb is enshrined within the church. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Legend" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>, the relics of Lawrence moved miraculously to one side to make room for those of Stephen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> includes a relic known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Purse" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Purse">St. Stephen's Purse</a> which is an elaborate gold and jewel-encrusted box believed to contain soil soaked with the blood of St. Stephen. The reliquary is likely a 9th-century creation.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_God" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> describes the many miracles that occurred when part of the relics of Saint Stephen were brought to Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Part of the right arm of Saint Stephen is enshrined at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius</a> in Russia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2016)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Saint_Stephen#Weak_source,_a_blog,_be_it_by_a_cleric._Many_local_traditions_are_not_recognised_beyond_the_district_or_country_borders._It's_not_science_anyhow,_but_does_the_set_of_relics_in_Rome_lack_the_right_hand_bones?_I.e.,_what_do_the_Catholics_say?" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk:Saint Stephen">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Saint_Stephen.27s_Day"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Saint_Stephen's_Day">Saint Stephen's Day</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Saint Stephen's Day">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-size: calc(0.875em); font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Public holidays">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, 26 December is called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a>", the "Feast of Stephen" mentioned in the English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Good King Wenceslas">Good King Wenceslas</a>". It is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> in many nations that are of historic Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran traditions, including Austria, Croatia, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Poland, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Catalonia and the Balearic Isles. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom, the day is celebrated as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>".</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Christianity">Western Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Western Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the current norms for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the feast is celebrated at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mass (liturgy)">Eucharist</a>, but, for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a>, is restricted to the Hours during the day, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespers" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vespers">Evening Prayer</a> being reserved to the celebration of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Octave (liturgical)">Octave</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. Historically, the "Invention of the Relics of Saint Stephen" (i.e., their reputed discovery) was commemorated on 3 August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> The feasts of both 26 December and 3 August have been used in dating clauses in historical documents produced in England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Stephen is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="December 26">26 December</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1094" data-file-width="627" decoding="async" height="297" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/170px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/255px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/340px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Byzantine icon, 11th century</div></div></div><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> which follow the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, and in Oriental Orthodox Churches (e.g., Coptic, Syrian, Malankara) Saint Stephen's feast day is celebrated on 27 December, due to the celebration of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxis" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> on the 26 December. This also has the effect of pushing the Feast of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Holy Innocents</a> to the 29 December. This day is also called the "Third Day of the Nativity" because it is the third day of the Christmas season.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some Orthodox churches, particularly in the west, follow a modified Julian calendar that places date names identically with the standard Gregorian calendar of widespread civil usage. In those churches, then, the date the feast is observed is generally known as 27 December. However, other Orthodox churches, including the Oriental Orthodox, continue to use the original Julian calendar. Throughout the 21st century, 27 December Julian will continue to fall on 9 January in the Gregorian calendar, and that is the date on which they observe the feast.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Saint Stephen is also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> on 4 January (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxis" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_apostles" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seventy apostles">Seventy Apostles</a>) in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(relic)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Translation (relic)">Uncovering of his relics</a> (relics of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint">saints</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> and Abibas son of Gamaliel were also found in Saint Stephen's tomb) took place in 415, Gamaliel appeared to <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Лукиан (пресвитер Кафар Гамалы) (page does not exist)">presbyter Lucian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size: 11.9px;"> [<a class="extiw" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ru:Лукиан (пресвитер Кафар Гамалы)">ru</a>]</span> and he told him to go to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and inform <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John II (bishop of Jerusalem)">Bishop John</a> about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relic">relics</a> of Saint Stephen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John II (bishop of Jerusalem)">Bishop John II</a> with bishops Eusthia (from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebastia</a>) and Eleutherius (from Jericho) came to the tomb in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jimal" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a> and translated relics to Jerusalem, this event is commemorated on 15 September.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-:0-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 428 (when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theodosius II">Saint Theodosius II the Younger</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman emperor">Roman Emperor</a>) relics of saint: Stephen, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> and Abibas were translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and relics have been placed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a> church, and after preparations were made relics were moved to specially prepared Saint Stephen church in Constantinople, this event took place on 2 August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-:0-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenian_Liturgy">Armenian Liturgy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Armenian Liturgy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic Churches, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 25 December – the day on which the feast of the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) falls in all other churches. This is because the Armenian churches maintain the decree of Constantine, which stipulated that the Nativity and Theophany of Jesus were to be celebrated on 6 January. In dioceses of the Armenian Church which use the Julian Calendar, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 7 January and Nativity/Theophany on 19 January (for the remainder of the 21st century Julian).</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the eucharistic celebration on this feast day, it is traditional for all deacons serving at the altar to wear a liturgical crown (Armenian: խոյր <i>khooyr</i>), which is one of the vestments worn only by priests on all other days of the year, the crown being in this instance a symbol of martyrdom.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Commemorative_places">Commemorative places</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Commemorative places">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Stepanous-02.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1704" data-file-width="2272" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/220px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/330px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/440px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Stepanous-02.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">Saint Stephen Armenian Monastery</a> of the 9th century near Jolfa, Iran</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="268" decoding="async" height="328" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg/220px-StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg 1.5x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Saint Stephen holding a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Book" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> in a 1601 painting by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Cavedone" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giacomo Cavedone">Giacomo Cavedone</a>.</div></div></div><dl style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><i><b>See also</b>: <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral (disambiguation)">St. Stephen's Cathedral</a>, <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Church (disambiguation)">St. Stephen's Church</a></i></dd></dl><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many churches and other places commemorate Stephen. Among the most notable are the two sites in Jerusalem held by different traditions to be the place of his martyrdom, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salesian">Salesian</a> monastery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jimal" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a> held to be the place where his remains were miraculously found, and the church of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_Mura" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Lorenzo fuori le Mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a> in Rome, where the saint's remains are said to be buried.</p><p style="font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Important churches and sites dedicated to Saint Stephen are:</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenian_churches">Armenian churches</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Armenian churches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmbatavank" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lmbatavank">Saint Stephen Church of Lmbat</a> of the 7th century, near the town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artik" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artik">Artik</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">Saint Stephen Armenian Monastery</a> of the 9th century, near the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolfa,_Iran_(city)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jolfa, Iran (city)">Jolfa</a>, northwestern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stepanos_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stepanos Church">St. Stepanos Armenian Church</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Izmir">Izmir</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, built in 1863 and destroyed in September 1922 during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">Catastrophe of Smyrna</a>.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Stephen,_Brisbane" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane">St Stephen's Cathedral</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> – is the primary Catholic place of worship in the archdiocese of Brisbane.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Austria">Austria</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephansdom" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephansdom">Stephansdom</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Austria">Austria</a> – the Cathedral of St. Stephen, founded 1147 and seat of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archbishop of Vienna">Archbishop of Vienna</a>. Symbol of the city of Vienna and of Austria, has the tallest spire in Austria and is the "centerpiece of Vienna".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_%C3%89tienne" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Étienne">Saint Étienne</a>, France, and <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Etienne_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Etienne (disambiguation)">numerous other places named Saint Étienne</a> in the French-speaking world (Étienne is the French form of Stephen).</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Stephen%27s_School_(ICSE/ISC),_Sonarpur,_Kolkata&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's School (ICSE/ISC), Sonarpur, Kolkata (page does not exist)">St. Stephen's School (ICSE/ISC), Sonarpur, Kolkata</a>, Under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_North_India" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> Principal, Hebron Larruna Peters.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Kombuthurai" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai">St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai</a>, built by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> in 1542.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen's knanaya Catholic Forane Church, Uzhavoor, kottayam, built 1631.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudassanad#St.Stephen's_Orthodox_Cathedral" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kudassanad">St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral, Kudassanad, Pandalam, Kerala</a> the first Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Stephen in India.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College, Delhi</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Delhi" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Church, Delhi">St. Stephen's Church, Delhi</a> and St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_School,_Chandigarh" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh">St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh</a> founded in 1986.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen's Church, Thope, is one of the parishes of the first diocese of India, Kollam. It is 216 years old and the patron of this parish is St. Stephen, the first Martyr of the Church and it is situated beside Kollam Beach.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Estevam#St._Estevam_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Estevam">St Stephen Church</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Estevam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Estevam">Santo Estêvão</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The largest of Dublin's Georgian squares and itself named after a former leper hospital near the site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St._Stephen,_Tyrrellspass&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of St. Stephen, Tyrrellspass (page does not exist)">Church of St. Stephen, Tyrrellspass</a>, located in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrellspass" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tyrrellspass">Tyrrellspass</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a>.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Italy">Italy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rome – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">Santo Stefano Rotondo</a>, a church built under the commission of Constantine I on the ruins of the Caelian Hill of Rome. Built in the 5th Century, it is the first church in Rome to have a circular floor plan, instead of the traditional <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cross" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek Cross">Greek</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_cross" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> designs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_Mura" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Lorenzo fuori le Mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a>, where Saint Stephen is said to be interred together with Saint Lawrence in the crypt, under the high altar.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vatican City – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a>, Coptic Christian church in Vatican City, that is also the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_churches_in_Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National churches in Rome">National Church of Ethiopia in Rome</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rome – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura</a>, a side chapel to St. Stephen is about a stone's throw from the tomb of St. Paul.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Milan – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santo_Stefano_Maggiore" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore">Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore</a>, a baroque church built in the fifth century and originally dedicated to both Saint Stephen and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Saint Zecheriah</a>.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Holy_Land">Holy Land</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Holy Land">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica,_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem">St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem</a>, in French <b>Saint-Étienne</b>, at the traditional place of St Stephen's martyrdom; modern church over ruins of Byzantine 5th-century predecessor.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>St. Stephan's Gate</b>, the Christian name of one of the city gates of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, also known as the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lions%27_Gate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a>". A post-Byzantine tradition holds that Stephen's stoning occurred there, while an older tradition connects the martyrdom to the Damascus Gate, where a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica,_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem">church</a> and large monastic complex dedicated to Saint Stephen was built in the 5th century (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#Location_of_the_martyrdom" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">above</a>). A modern Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Stephen stands a short distance from Lions' Gate.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, London, was originally built in the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>; it became the first site of the debating chamber of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>. The tower that houses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>, that was properly called The Clock Tower, was referred to as St Stephen's Tower by Victorian journalists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> The Clock Tower was renamed Elizabeth Tower to commemorate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a> in 2013. St Stephen's Tower is the smaller tower in the middle of the building.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_House,_Oxford" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen's House, Oxford">St Stephen's House, Oxford</a> – a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_private_hall" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Permanent private hall">permanent private hall</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> theological college.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Bristol" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen's Church, Bristol">St Stephen's Church, Bristol</a> – the first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> city church built outside the walls c. 1250, rebuilt c. 1430–1490.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Stephen%27s,_Sneinton,_Nottingham&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen's, Sneinton, Nottingham (page does not exist)">St Stephen's, Sneinton, Nottingham</a> - Has strong links to William Booth and The Salvation Army. The parents of D.H. Lawrence married in the church on 27 December 1875.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen_Walbrook" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Stephen Walbrook">St Stephen's Walbrook</a>, City of London - first recorded in C11 and rebuilt to Wren's design after the Great Fire</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen the martyr church, Renton, Washington <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen Parish in Portland, Oregon.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Catholic_Church_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Catholic Church (Cleveland, Ohio)">St. Stephen Church</a> in Cleveland, Ohio.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church and Parish in St. Louis, Missouri.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Stephen's Church (Boston, Massachusetts)">St. Stephen's Church</a> in Boston, Massachusetts.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen Catholic Church in Cincinnati, Ohio.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen's Church in Providence, RI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">St. Stephen the Martyr Church, Omaha, Nebraska <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_associations">Other associations</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other associations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the Catholic Church, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_St._Stephen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guild of St. Stephen">Guild of St. Stephen</a> is an international association of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_server" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Altar server">altar servers</a> whose aim is to promote "highest standards of serving at the Church's liturgy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Saint Stephen is one of the sculptures on the side of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Italy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florence, Italy">Florence</a>. Saint Stephen is the patron saint of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guilds of Florence">wool guild</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 14th -16th century, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Halberstadt" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt">bishopric of Halberstadt</a> issued coins with the face of St. Stephen on the obverse and a coffin (<i>sarg</i>) and a martyr's palm frond (<i>palmwedel</i>) on the reverse. They were nicknamed <i>sargpfennig</i> ("coffin pennies").</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Saint Stephen is featured as the eponymous subject of a song by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>.</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/December_26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/December 26">Saint Stephen, patron saint archive</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guilds of Florence">Guilds of Florence</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Stephen Ministry</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-ssdca-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-ssdca_1-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ssdca.org/ssdca/index.cfm/st-stephen-bio/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"St. Stephen the Deacon"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212172246/http://ssdca.org/ssdca/index.cfm/st-stephen-bio/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 12 December 2013 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, St. Stephen Diaconal Community Association, Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Newadvent-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Newadvent_2-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Newadvent_2-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Newadvent_2-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFSouvay,_Charles" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Souvay, Charles. <a class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14286b.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Saint Stephen"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia,1912</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Stephen&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C1912&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.au=Souvay%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14286b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mal Couch, <i>A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles</i>, 2003, p. 246. "Stephen is distinguished as "a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit" (Acts 6:5). Stephen and the other men were Hellenistic Jews whose native language was Greek. He had lived with Gentiles in other parts of the Roman Empire."</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.1580boc.org/ap/xxi-ix" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Article XXI (IX) Of the Invocation of the Saints"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+XXI+%28IX%29+Of+the+Invocation+of+the+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1580boc.org%2Fap%2Fxxi-ix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-oca-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-oca_5-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://oca.org/saints/lives/2015/12/27/103659-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-stephen" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2015%2F12%2F27%2F103659-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Williams-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams_6-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Williams (1989), <i>Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)</i>, Baker Books, Chapter 16, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0">978-0-8010-4805-0</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, David. <a class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/st.-stephens-death-shows-importance-of-scripture-pope-says/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"St. Stephen's death shows importance of Scripture, Pope says"</a>, Catholic News Agency, 2 May 2012.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071156/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STEPHEN2.HTM" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"of Saints", John J. Crawley & Co., Inc"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STEPHEN2.HTM" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=of+Saints%22%2C+John+J.+Crawley+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FSTEPHEN2.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Williams2-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams2_9-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams2_9-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Williams2_9-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Williams, <i>Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)</i>, Baker Books 1989, chapter 17, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0">978-0-8010-4805-0</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0513.htm#9" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Deuteronomy 13:9</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#7" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Deuteronomy 17:7</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFUnger2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Unger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2006) [1957]. Harrison, R. K. (ed.). <i>The New Unger's Bible Dictionary</i>. Chicago: Moody Publishers. Antioch. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9066-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9066-7"><bdi>978-0-8024-9066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Unger%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=Antioch&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-9066-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Corpus-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Corpus_12-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHannah_M._CottonLeah_Di_SegniWerner_EckBenjamin_Isaac2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hannah M. Cotton; Leah Di Segni; Werner Eck; et al., eds. (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2cfmBQAAQBAJ&q=%22saint+stephen%22+%22stoning%22+%22Damascus+Gate%22+%22Lions+Gate%22&pg=PA275" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Jerusalem, Part 2: 705–1120</i></a>. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudeae/Palaestinae. Vol. 1. De Gruyter. p. 275. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025188-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025188-3"><bdi>978-3-11-025188-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 August</span>2016</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">.... St. Stephen's Gate (Lions' gate; Bab Sitti Mariam). The gate owes its name to a tradition according to which Stephen the Deacon, the first martyr, was stoned on this spot. At the beginning of the 20 c. the Greek Orthodox Patriarchy built a church dedicated to the Protomartyr in their property in front of the gate, in an endeavour to pinpoint the tradition of the site, which was falling into oblivion following the construction of the Dominican church and monastery on the site of the Eudocian church of St. Stephen north of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Gate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>. The Greek builders went so far as to maintain that, in digging the foundations of the new church, they had found a broken lintel with an engraved invocation to Saint Stephen, but their claim, accepted by Macalister and Vailhé, was promptly disproved by Vincent, who was able to show that the lintel came in fact from Beersheba. Vincent and Abel maintained that the tradition about Stephen's stoning at the eastern gate of Jerusalem was not earlier than the 12 c., while the tradition pointing to the northern gate was ancient. .... J. Milik .... suggested that all the tombstones discovered in this area belonged to the cemetery of the Probatica.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+Part+2%3A+705%E2%80%931120&rft.series=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Iudeae%2FPalaestinae&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025188-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2cfmBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522saint%2Bstephen%2522%2B%2522stoning%2522%2B%2522Damascus%2BGate%2522%2B%2522Lions%2BGate%2522%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Koivisto-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Koivisto_13-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Koivisto_13-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRex_A._Koivisto1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rex A. Koivisto (1987). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512074340/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Koivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Stephen's Speech: A Theology of Errors?"</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. Grace Theological College. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Koivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen%27s+Speech%3A+A+Theology+of+Errors%3F&rft.pub=Grace+Theological+College&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Rex+A.+Koivisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.gordon.edu%2Fhu%2Fbi%2FTed_Hildebrandt%2FNTeSources%2FNTArticles%2FGTJ-NT%2FKoivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBalge2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Balge, Richard (2016). <i>The People's Bible: Acts</i>. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House. p. 77. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1190-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1190-8"><bdi>978-0-8100-1190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Bible%3A+Acts&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8100-1190-8&rft.aulast=Balge&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marian Wolniewicz as the translator of the Book of Acts from: The Millennium Holy Bible; Warsaw, 1980</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBrandon1967" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brandon, S. G. F. (1967). <i></i>Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity<i></i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 158. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31010-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31010-7"><bdi>978-0-684-31010-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Zealots%3A+A+Study+of+the+Political+Factor+in+Primitive+Christianity&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31010-7&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=S.+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFriedrich_Justus_Knecht1910" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Knecht" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Justus Knecht">Friedrich Justus Knecht</a> (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXXXVIII. Election and Ordination of Deacons. — Stephen the First Martyr"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/LXXXVIII._Election_and_Ordination_of_Deacons._%E2%80%94_Stephen_the_First_Martyr" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 12px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg") right 0.1em center / 12px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"LXXXVIII. Election and Ordination of Deacons. — Stephen the First Martyr" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LXXXVIII.+Election+and+Ordination+of+Deacons.+%E2%80%94+Stephen+the+First+Martyr&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Friedrich+Justus+Knecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist%20Information/Christian%20Themes/Details/Pages/Saint%20Stephen%20Church%20%20%20chr.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"St Stephen Church"</a>. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Israel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Stephen+Church&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Government+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goisrael.com%2FTourism_Eng%2FTourist%2520Information%2FChristian%2520Themes%2FDetails%2FPages%2FSaint%2520Stephen%2520Church%2520%2520%2520chr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Boasp53-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-Boasp53_19-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAdrian_J._Boas2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Adrian J. Boas (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6m0qsAMf0z4C&pg=PA53" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Jerusalem in the time of the crusades: society, landscape, and art in the Holy City under Frankish rule</i></a> (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 53. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1"><bdi>978-0-415-23000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+time+of+the+crusades%3A+society%2C+landscape%2C+and+art+in+the+Holy+City+under+Frankish+rule&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23000-1&rft.au=Adrian+J.+Boas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6m0qsAMf0z4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-MurphyOConnor-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_20-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJerome_Murphy-O'Connor2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC&q=Bab+el-Ghor&pg=PT48" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700</i></a>. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923666-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2 March</span> 2018</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The local guides simply moved to the Kidron valley certain holy places, notably the church of Saint Stephen, which in reality were north of the city, and business went on as before.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide+from+Earliest+Times+to+1700&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Archaeological+Guides&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923666-4&rft.au=Jerome+Murphy-O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3Yy9FDcT8gC%26q%3DBab%2Bel-Ghor%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://catholicsaints.info/golden-legend-invention-of-saint-stephen-protomartyr/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Golden Legend – Invention of Saint Stephen, Protomartyr"</a>. <i>CatholicSaints.Info</i>. 15 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicSaints.Info&rft.atitle=Golden+Legend+%E2%80%93+Invention+of+Saint+Stephen%2C+Protomartyr&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fgolden-legend-invention-of-saint-stephen-protomartyr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <a class="external text" href="http://www.logoslibrary.org/augustine/city/2208.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">City of God, Book XXII, Chapter 8</a>, accessed 3 July 2021</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFSanidopoulos" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sanidopoulos, John. <a class="external text" href="https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/08/translation-of-relics-of-stephen.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Translation of the Relics of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translation+of+the+Relics+of+Saint+Stephen+the+Protomartyr&rft.aulast=Sanidopoulos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2010%2F08%2Ftranslation-of-relics-of-stephen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://pravlife.org/ru/content/perst-pervomuchenika-i-arhidiakona-stefana-sredi-osobo-pochitaemyh-svyatyn-kievo-pecherskoy" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Перст первомученика и архидиакона Стефана — среди особо почитаемых святынь Киево-Печерской Лавры"</a>. <i>Православная Жизнь</i>(in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpravlife.org%2Fru%2Fcontent%2Fperst-pervomuchenika-i-arhidiakona-stefana-sredi-osobo-pochitaemyh-svyatyn-kievo-pecherskoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://stsl.ru/lavra-news/v-troitse-sergievoy-lavre-molitvenno-pochtili-svyatogo-pervomuchenika-i-arkhidiakona-stefana/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"В Троице-Сергиевой Лавре молитвенно почтили святого первомученика и архидиакона Стефана"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstsl.ru%2Flavra-news%2Fv-troitse-sergievoy-lavre-molitvenno-pochtili-svyatogo-pervomuchenika-i-arkhidiakona-stefana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://stsl.ru/news/all/obretenie-moshchey-pervomuchenika-arkhidiakona-stefana-415" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Обретение мощей первомученика архидиакона Стефана (415)"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%28415%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstsl.ru%2Fnews%2Fall%2Fobretenie-moshchey-pervomuchenika-arkhidiakona-stefana-415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Saints</i>, ed. David Hugh Farmer, corr. ed. (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 361. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198691203" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0198691203">0198691203</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of dates for students of British history</i>, ed. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Cheney" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. R. Cheney">C. R. Cheney</a>. New, rev. ed. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 59, 85. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521770955" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0521770955">0521770955</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/08/02/102183-finding-of-the-relics-of-saint-gamaliel" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Finding of the relics of Saint Gamaliel"</a>. <i>www.oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span>2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Finding+of+the+relics+of+Saint+Gamaliel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2F102183-finding-of-the-relics-of-saint-gamaliel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/09/15/102621-uncovering-of-the-relics-of-the-holy-protomartyr-and-archdeacon" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"</a>. <i>www.oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Uncovering+of+the+relics+of+the+Holy+Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2F102621-uncovering-of-the-relics-of-the-holy-protomartyr-and-archdeacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-:0_32-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-:0_32-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/ocalendar/los/August/02-01.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"THE TRANSFER FROM JERUSALEM TO CONSTANTINOPLE OF THE RELICS OF THE HOLY FIRSTMARTYR STEPHEN"</a>. <i>www.holytrinityorthodox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.holytrinityorthodox.com&rft.atitle=THE+TRANSFER+FROM+JERUSALEM+TO+CONSTANTINOPLE+OF+THE+RELICS+OF+THE+HOLY+FIRSTMARTYR+STEPHEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fhtc%2Focalendar%2Flos%2FAugust%2F02-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Orthodox Calendar. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow"</a>. <i>www.holytrinityorthodox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.holytrinityorthodox.com&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Calendar.+HOLY+TRINITY+RUSSIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH%2C+a+parish+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fhtc%2Forthodox-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/08/02/102181-translation-of-the-relics-of-the-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-step" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople"</a>. <i>www.oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Translation+of+the+relics+of+the+Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen+from+Jerusalem+to+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2F102181-translation-of-the-relics-of-the-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Orthodox Calendar. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow"</a>. <i>www.holytrinityorthodox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.holytrinityorthodox.com&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Calendar.+HOLY+TRINITY+RUSSIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH%2C+a+parish+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fhtc%2Forthodox-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://travel.usnews.com/Vienna_Austria/Things_To_Do/St_Stephen_s_Cathedral_Stephansdom_29825/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom)"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=St.+Stephen%27s+Cathedral+%28Stephansdom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.usnews.com%2FVienna_Austria%2FThings_To_Do%2FSt_Stephen_s_Cathedral_Stephansdom_29825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022040741/http://www.phoenixpark.ie/media/St.%20Stephen's%20Green%20Visitor's%20Guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"St. Stephen's Green"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a></i>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Office of Public Works">Office of Public Works</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixpark.ie/media/St.%20Stephen's%20Green%20Visitor's%20Guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Park&rft.atitle=St.+Stephen%27s+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixpark.ie%2Fmedia%2FSt.%2520Stephen%27s%2520Green%2520Visitor%27s%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-santo-stefano-rotondo" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Santo Stefano Rotondo – Rome, Italy"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santo+Stefano+Rotondo+%E2%80%93+Rome%2C+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fitaly%2Frome-santo-stefano-rotondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/enquiries/#jump-link-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Frequently asked questions: Big Ben and Elizabeth Tower"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions%3A+Big+Ben+and+Elizabeth+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Fenquiries%2F%23jump-link-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ststephenslife.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">St. Stephen's Church, Renton, WA</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://saintstephenstl.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church, St. Louis, Missouri</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.sstephens.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">St. Stephen's Church, Providence, RI</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://stephen.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">St. Stephen the Martyr Catholic Church, Omaha, NE</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://guildofststephen.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Guild of St. Stephen</a>, accessed 21 March 2018</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Saint Stephen"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Saint Stephen</span></a>.</div></div></div><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="300" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="34" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephanus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="q:Stephanus">Stephanus</a></b></i>.</div></div></div><ul style="font-size: calc(0.875em); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/12/261.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Saint Stephen, the First Martyr"</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://orthodoxwiki.org/Apostle_Stephen_the_Protomartyr" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr"</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/st.-stephens-death-shows-importance-of-scripture-pope-says/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/part-2-1-corinthians-86-undeniable.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Jbap0f7JG22F75c7n-sWJZRsyf5o67ajMMUy4rxP0hoh8Ym165bqc2Vihs5vgJMpEJugacwJQf6Q12bXQ2wNvHvbLclMKw2xuwwQkI4n_BOHpRCX7KlJiHB6sSTH6Zwr-PW_vZ9BFQiPHnURcF5wmWBUkqcZ7hFmNm7T6qwatnx8RWJAMzqORKgD8A/w640-h358/Part%202,%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20The%20undeniable%20proof%20Jesus%20is%20NOT%20GOD..png" width="640" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-80678198992243028892023-03-15T04:41:00.002-07:002023-03-17T00:54:17.671-07:00Josephus on Jesus.<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; 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color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Biblical</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Christology">Christian</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Jewish</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Scientology" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Scientology">Scientology</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Josephus</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0.3em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="215" data-file-width="206" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jesus&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The extant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> of the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, written by the first-century Jewish historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> around AD 93–94, contain two references to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> and one reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57Flavius_JosephusMaier199512_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Flavius_JosephusMaier199512-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The first and most extensive reference to Jesus in the <i>Antiquities</i>, found in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18</a>, states that Jesus was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and a wise teacher who was crucified by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>. It is commonly called the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#The_Testimonium_Flavianum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Testimonium Flavianum</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57Maier2007336–337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Maier2007336%E2%80%93337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Almost all modern scholars reject the authenticity of this passage in its present form, while most scholars nevertheless hold that it contains an authentic nucleus referencing the life and execution of Jesus by Pilate, which was then subject to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_interpolation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a> or alteration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41Dunn2003141KostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108Evans2001316Wansbrough2004185Van_Voorst2003509–511_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341Dunn2003141KostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108Evans2001316Wansbrough2004185Van_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> However, the exact nature and extent of the Christian addition remains unclear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Modern scholarship has largely acknowledged the authenticity of the second reference to Jesus in the <i>Antiquities</i>, found in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9</a>, which mentions "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman557_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman557-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> This reference is considered to be more authentic than the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083FeldmanHata198754–57Flavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285Bauckham1999199–203Painter2005134–141_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083FeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Flavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285Bauckham1999199%E2%80%93203Painter2005134%E2%80%93141-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-refsummary_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-refsummary-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Almost all modern scholars consider the reference in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 5</a> of the <i>Antiquities</i> to the imprisonment and death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> also to be authentic and not a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_interpolation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58Bromiley1982694–695White201048_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358Bromiley1982694%E2%80%93695White201048-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> A number of differences exist between the statements by Josephus regarding the death of John the Baptist and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> accounts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58Painter2005143–145_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358Painter2005143%E2%80%93145-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Scholars generally view these variations as indications that the Josephus passages are not interpolations, since a Christian interpolator would likely have made them correspond to the New Testament accounts, not differ from them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58EddyBoyd2007130Painter2005143–145_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358EddyBoyd2007130Painter2005143%E2%80%93145-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Scholars have provided explanations for their inclusion in Josephus' later works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Extant_manuscripts">Extant manuscripts</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Extant manuscripts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1032" data-file-width="688" decoding="async" height="270" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/180px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/270px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/360px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 1640 edition of the <i>Works of Josephus</i></div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Josephus wrote all of his surviving works after his establishment in Rome (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 71</span>) under the patronage of the Flavian Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. As is common with ancient texts, however, there are no known manuscripts of Josephus' works that can be dated before the 11th century, and the oldest which do survive were copied by Christian monks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata1989431_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata1989431-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Jews are not known to have preserved the writings of Josephus perhaps because he was considered a traitor,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming200326_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming200326-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> and/or because his works circulated in Greek, the use of which declined among Jews shortly after Josephus' era.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are about 120 extant Greek manuscripts of Josephus, of which 33 predate the 14th century, with two thirds from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenos" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987369_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987369-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> The earliest surviving Greek manuscript that contains the <i>Testimonium</i> is the 11th century Ambrosianus 370 (F 128), preserved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a> in Milan, which includes almost all of the second half of the <i>Antiquities</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2001LI_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2001LI-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> There are about 170 extant Latin translations of Josephus, some of which go back to the sixth century. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> these have proven very useful in reconstructing the Josephus texts through comparisons with the Greek manuscripts, confirming proper names and filling in gaps.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> One of the reasons the works of Josephus were copied and maintained by Christians was that his writings provided a good deal of information about a number of figures mentioned in the New Testament, and the background to events such as the death of James during a gap in Roman governing authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Slavonic_Josephus">Slavonic Josephus</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Slavonic Josephus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonic_Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slavonic Josephus">Slavonic Josephus</a></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The three references found in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18</a> and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20</a> of the <i>Antiquities</i> do not appear in any other versions of Josephus' <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> except for a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church Slavonic language">Slavonic</a> version of the <i>Testimonium Flavianum</i> (at times called <i>Testimonium Slavonium</i>) which surfaced in the west at the beginning of the 20th century, after its discovery in Russia at the end of the 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200085_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200085-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreed1932_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreed1932-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although originally hailed as authentic (notably by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Eisler" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Eisler">Robert Eisler</a>), it is now almost universally acknowledged by scholars to have been the product of an 11th-century creation as part of a larger ideological struggle against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373–374_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373%E2%80%93374-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> As a result, it has little place in the ongoing debate over the authenticity and nature of the references to Jesus in the <i>Antiquities.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373–374_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373%E2%80%93374-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a> states that although some scholars had in the past supported the <i>Slavonic Josephus</i>, "to my knowledge no one today believes that they contain anything of value for Jesus research".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998451_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998451-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arabic_and_Syriac_Josephus">Arabic and Syriac Josephus</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arabic and Syriac Josephus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1971, a 10th-century Arabic version of the <i>Testimonium</i> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapius_of_Hierapolis" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agapius of Hierapolis">Agapius of Hierapolis</a> was brought to light by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a>, who also discovered a 12th-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> version of the <i>Testimonium</i> in the chronicle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines197119_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines197119-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006329–330_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006329%E2%80%93330-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> These additional manuscript sources of the <i>Testimonium</i> have furnished additional ways to evaluate Josephus' mention of Jesus in the <i>Antiquities</i>, principally through a close textual comparison between the Arabic, Syriac and Greek versions to the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are subtle yet key differences between the Greek manuscripts and these texts. For instance, the Arabic version does not blame the Jews for the death of Jesus. The key phrase "at the suggestion of the principal men among us" reads instead "Pilate condemned him to be crucified".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Instead of "he was Christ", the Syriac version has the phrase "he was believed to be Christ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201133–44_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201133%E2%80%9344-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Drawing on these textual variations, scholars have suggested that these versions of the <i>Testimonium</i> more closely reflect what a non-Christian Jew might have written.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Potential_dependence_on_Eusebius">Potential dependence on Eusebius</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Potential dependence on Eusebius">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2008, however, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Whealey" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alice Whealey">Alice Whealey</a> published an article arguing that Agapius' and Michael's versions of the <i>Testimonium</i> are not independent witnesses to the original text of Josephus' <i>Antiquities</i>. Rather, they both ultimately derive from the Syriac translation of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i> written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, which in turn quotes the <i>Testimonium</i>. Whealey notes that Michael's Syriac <i>Testimonium</i> shares several peculiar choices of vocabulary with the version found in the Syriac translation of the <i>Church History</i>. These words and phrases are not shared by an independent Syriac translation of the <i>Testimonium</i> from Eusebius' book <i>Theophania</i>, strongly indicating that Agapius's text is simply a paraphrased quotation from the Syriac <i>Church History</i>, and not a direct quotation of Josephus himself. Michael's text, in contrast, she concludes is much closer to what Josephus actually wrote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578–579_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578%E2%80%93579-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">One of the key prongs in her argument is that Agapius' and Michael's <i>Testimonia</i> share the unique peculiarity that they both explicitly state that Jesus died after being condemned to the cross, while the Greek original does not include this detail. According to Whealey, the differences between the two <i>Testimonia</i> are simply due to the fact that Agapius' chronicle more freely paraphrases and abbreviates its sources, whereas Michael's version is probably a <i>verbatim</i> copy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The implication of this argument, if valid, is that Agapius' abbreviated <i>Testimonium</i> cannot be an earlier version of the passage than what we find in extant manuscripts of Josephus' <i>Antiquities</i>.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Whealey furthermore notices that Michael's version of the <i>Testimonium</i> shares common features with Jerome's Latin translation. Most importantly for her, instead of <i>"he was the Messiah,"</i> as in the Greek <i>Testimonium</i>, Jerome's and Michael's versions both read, <i>"he was thought to be the Messiah."</i> She considers it likely, therefore, that the Latin and Arabic translations go back to an original Greek version with the same reading.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008580–581_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008580%E2%80%93581-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> Since they otherwise have no substantial disagreement from the Greek version we possess, and since that sole variant is sufficient to explain the most powerful objections to the <i>Testimonium's</i> integrity, she concludes that it is "the only major alteration" that has been made to what Josephus originally wrote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008588_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008588-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Testimonium_Flavianum">The <i>Testimonium Flavianum</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The Testimonium Flavianum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px; width: 336px;"><div class="quotebox-title" style="font-size: 13.552px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><i>Testimonium Flavianum</i></div><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="border-left: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who performed surprising deeds and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Christ. And when, upon the accusation of the principal men among us, Pilate had condemned him to a cross, those who had first come to love him did not cease. He appeared to them spending a third day restored to life, for the prophets of God had foretold these things and a thousand other marvels about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still to this day not disappeared.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="display: block; font-style: normal;">Flavius Josephus: <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 3, 3</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> For Greek text see <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0145%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston+chapter%3D3%3Awhiston+section%3D3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></cite></p></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <i>Testimonium Flavianum</i> (meaning the testimony of Flavius <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>) is a passage found in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 3, 3</a> (or see <a class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0145%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston+chapter%3D3%3Awhiston+section%3D3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Greek text</a>) of the <i>Antiquities</i> which describes the condemnation and crucifixion of Jesus at the hands of the Roman authorities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The <i>Testimonium</i> is probably the most discussed passage in Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The earliest secure reference to this passage is found in the writings of the fourth-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologetics" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologist</a> and historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, who used Josephus' works extensively as a source for his own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church History (Eusebius)"><i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i></a>. Writing no later than 324,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth1990_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth1990-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Eusebius quotes the passage<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert2007_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert2007-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> in essentially the same form as that preserved in extant manuscripts. It has therefore been suggested by a minority of scholars that part or all of the passage may have been Eusebius' own invention, in order to provide an outside Jewish authority for the life of Christ.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill2011_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill2011-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> Some argue that the wording in the Testimonium differs from Josephus' usual writing style and that as a Jew, he would not have used a word like Christos (Χριστός), at Josephus' time being the Greek term for "Messiah".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ReferenceA-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> See also the arguments for authenticity in the sections below.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Of the three passages found in Josephus' Antiquities, this passage, if authentic, would offer the most direct support for the crucifixion of Jesus. It is broadly agreed that while the Testimonium Flavianum cannot be authentic in its entirety, it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus with a reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate which was then subject to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41_38-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2001316_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2001316-45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWansbrough2004185_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWansbrough2004185-46" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells48_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Wells48-47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to Jesus in the <i>Testimonium</i> and what the passage would look like without the interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> Among other things, the authenticity of this passage would help make sense of the later reference in Josephus' <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a> where Josephus refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201133–44_31-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201133%E2%80%9344-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Three_perspectives_on_authenticity">Three perspectives on authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Three perspectives on authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="734" decoding="async" height="245" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg/150px-Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg/225px-Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg/300px-Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavius_Josephus_1582_by_Froben.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The complete works of Josephus, 1582</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> and Zvi Baras state that there are three possible perspectives on the authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i>:</p><ol style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">It is entirely authentic.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">It is entirely a Christian forgery.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">It contains Christian interpolations in what was Josephus' authentic material about Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></li></ol><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Paul Maier states that the first case is generally seen as hopeless given that as a Jew, Josephus would not have claimed Jesus as the Messiah, and that the second option is hardly tenable given the presence of the passage in all extant Greek manuscripts; thus a large majority of modern scholars accept the third alternative, i.e., partial authenticity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Baras adds that the third position is more plausible because it accepts parts of the passage as genuine, but discounts other parts as interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339_50-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a> (and separately <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Van Voorst">Robert Van Voorst</a>) state that most modern scholars accept the position that the <i>Testimonium</i> is partially authentic, had a kernel with an authentic reference to Jesus, and that the analysis of its content and style support this conclusion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans43_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Evans43-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509–511_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511-52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">While before the advent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> most scholars considered the <i>Testimonium</i> entirely authentic, thereafter the number of supporters of full authenticity declined.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089–90_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> However, most scholars now accept partial authenticity and many attempt to reconstruct their own version of the authentic kernel, and scholars such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> have argued that the overall characterizations of Jesus in the <i>Testimonium</i> are in accord with the style and approach of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089–90_53-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Henry185_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Henry185-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kellum104_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Kellum104-55" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans316_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Evans316-57" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_complete_authenticity">Arguments for complete authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for complete authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-modern_criticism">Pre-modern criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Pre-modern criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Until the rise of modern criticism, many scholars believed the <i>Testimonium</i> was nearly or completely authentic with little or no Christian interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089_58-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-58" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Some of these arguments relied on the language used in the <i>Testimonium</i>. For instance, Jesus is called "a wise man" (and Josephus described others like Solomon, Daniel, and John the Baptist in the same fashion), which would not have been a common Christian label for Christ at the time. He referred to Jesus merely as "a worker of amazing deeds" and nothing more, again disagreeing with how Christians viewed Christ. Referring to Jesus as "a teacher of people who accept the truth with pleasure", where "pleasure" (ἡδονή) connotes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hedonism">hedonistic</a> value, is not in line with how Christians saw the point of Jesus' teachings. Claiming that Jesus won over "both Jews and Greeks" is a misunderstanding that a Christian scribe would not likely have made, knowing that Jesus mainly ministered to Jews. Also, the phrase "Those who had first loved him did not cease doing so" is Josephan in style, and calling Christians a "tribe" would not have made sense to a Christian writer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-90_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-90-59" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Paraphrase_Model_of_Josephan_Authenticity">The Paraphrase Model of Josephan Authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The Paraphrase Model of Josephan Authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <i>paraphrase model</i>, advanced by G. J. Goldberg in 2022, is based on the observation that Josephus wrote most of the <i>Jewish Antiquities</i> by paraphrasing Greek and Hebrew sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-:0-60" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> Goldberg proposes that the Jesus passage in the <i>Antiquities</i> is also a paraphrase in the same manner. Josephus’s methods of revising his sources have been well established and can be used to objectively test whether a proposed candidate source can have been adapted in the same way for the Jesus passage. In a phrase-by-phrase study, Goldberg finds that the Jesus account can be derived from Luke’s Emmaus narrative using transformations Josephus is demonstrated to have employed in paraphrasing known sources for the <i>Antiquities</i>. He finds these paraphrase precedents in word adoption, word and phrase substitution, content order preservation and content modification. As these stylistic pairings are unlike the relationships found among any other ancient Jesus texts, Goldberg proposes the most plausible explanation of these findings is that the Jesus passage in the <i>Antiquities</i> is indeed Josephus’s paraphrase of a Christian text very much like, if not identical to, Luke’s Emmaus narrative (Luke 24:18–24).</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">This paraphrase model, Goldberg argues, is not only a natural application of Josephus’s writing processes but also resolves the questions that researchers have raised about the passage, shedding light on the origin of specific difficult phrases and accounting for its brevity and its mixture of Josephan language with a Christian creedal structure. While many had previously suspected that an original Josephus passage had been edited by a later Christian to give the creedal appearance, the paraphrase model argues such edits cannot explain the end-to-end consistency of a paraphrase relationship with the Emmaus text. The more plausible explanation is rather the reverse: an original Christian document was edited by Josephus by applying his usual revision method for the <i>Antiquities</i>.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The historical implications of the model, Goldberg argues, include the following. First, it shows Jesus was a historical figure and not a myth, based on the reasoning that Josephus’s treatment of his source indicates he thought it reliable; it must have conformed with what he knew of events under Pilate. The model also provides unique evidence about the dating of at least one passage of Luke’s Gospel. And as the paraphrase shows Josephus had obtained a Christian source and treated it with a degree of respect, it provides an unexpected window into a cordial relationship between Christians and Jews in Rome at the end of the first century.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_presence_of_Christian_interpolations">Arguments for presence of Christian interpolations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for presence of Christian interpolations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <i>Testimonium</i> has been the subject of a great deal of research and debate among scholars, being one of the most discussed passages among all antiquities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198755_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198755-61" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> Louis Feldman has stated that in the period from 1937 to 1980 at least 87 articles had appeared on the topic, the overwhelming majority of which questioned the total or partial authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feld88Hata430_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feld88Hata430-62" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> While early scholars considered the <i>Testimonium</i> to be a total forgery, the majority of modern scholars consider it partially authentic, despite some clear Christian interpolations in the text.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whealey2003_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Whealey2003-63" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The arguments surrounding the authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> fall into two categories: internal arguments that rely on textual analysis and compare the passage with the rest of Josephus' work; and external arguments, that consider the wider cultural and historical context.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paget2001_65-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Paget2001-65" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> Some of the external arguments are "arguments from silence" that question the authenticity of the entire passage not for what it says, but due to lack of references to it among other ancient sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091–92_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091%E2%80%9392-66" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The external analyses of the <i>Testimonium</i> have even used computer-based methods, e.g. the matching of the text of the <i>Testimonium</i> with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> performed by Gary Goldberg in 1995.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-GGoldberg-67" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> Goldberg found some partial matches between the <i>Testimonium</i> and Luke 24:19–21, 26–27 stating "the Emmaus narrative more closely resembles the Testimonium in its phrase-by-phrase outline of content and order than any other known text of comparable age."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-GGoldberg-67" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> Goldberg's analyses suggested three possibilities: that the matches were random, that the <i>Testimonium</i> was a Christian interpolation based on Luke, or that both the <i>Testimonium</i> and Luke were based on the same sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-GGoldberg-67" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> In a later work, published in 2022, Goldberg investigated Josephus's paraphrase style and concluded only the last of these possibilities could explain why the Emmaus-Testimonium language relationships were end-to-end consistent with Josephus's methods of revision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-:0-60" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_arguments">Internal arguments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Internal arguments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu&page=40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3632" data-file-width="2366" decoding="async" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page40-150px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page40-225px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page40-300px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu?page=40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An 1879 copy of the <i>Antiquities</i></div></div></div><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Christian_phraseology">Christian phraseology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Christian phraseology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">One of the key internal arguments against the complete authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> is that the clear inclusion of Christian phraseology strongly indicates the presence of some interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091_68-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091-68" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> For instance, the phrases "if it be lawful to call him a man" suggests that Jesus was more than human and is likely a Christian interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091_68-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091-68" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> Some scholars have attempted to reconstruct the original <i>Testimonium</i>, but others contend that attempts to discriminate the passage into Josephan and non-Josephan elements are inherently circular.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Eusebian_phraseology">Eusebian phraseology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Eusebian phraseology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another example of the textual arguments against the <i>Testimonium</i> is that it uses the Greek term <i>poietes</i> to mean "doer" (as part of the phrase "doer of wonderful works") but elsewhere in his works, Josephus only uses the term <i>poietes</i> to mean "poet," whereas this use of "poietes" seems consistent with the Greek of Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mason231_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Mason231-70" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_arguments">External arguments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External arguments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1612" data-file-width="1302" decoding="async" height="186" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/150px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/225px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg/300px-Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eusebius_of_Caesarea.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></div></div></div><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Origen.27s_references_to_Josephus"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origen's_references_to_Josephus">Origen's references to Josephus</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Origen's references to Josephus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Wataru Mizugaki, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origen">Origen</a> explicitly mentions the name of Josephus 11 times, never mentioning the <i>Testimonium</i>, both in Greek and Latin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987-71" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> Furthermore, Origen's statement in his <i>Commentary on Matthew</i> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IX/Origen_on_Matthew/Origen%27s_Commentary_on_Matthew/Book_X/Chapter_17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/Origen on Matthew/Origen's Commentary on Matthew/Book X/Chapter 17">Book X, Chapter 17</a>) that Josephus "did not accept Jesus as Christ", is usually seen as a confirmation of the generally accepted fact that Josephus did not believe Jesus to be the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JContext91_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-JContext91-72" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> This forms a key external argument against the total authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> in that Josephus, as a Jew, would not have claimed Jesus as the Messiah, and the reference to "he was the Christ" in the <i>Testimonium</i> must be a Christian interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Based on this observation alone, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> calls the case for the total authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> "hopeless".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Almost all modern scholars reject the total authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i>, while the majority of scholars still hold that it includes an authentic kernel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509–511_52-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511-52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_from_silence">Arguments from silence</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments from silence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A different set of external arguments against the authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> (either partial or total) are "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_from_silence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arguments from silence">arguments from silence</a>", e.g. that although twelve Christian authors refer to Josephus before Eusebius in AD 324, none mentions the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rothchild274_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Rothchild274-73" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757-74" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Even after Eusebius' AD 324 reference, it is not until <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a></i> (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 392</span>) that the passage from Josephus is referenced again, even though the <i>Testimonium'</i>s reference to Jesus would seem appropriate in the works of many intervening <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristic" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patristic">patristic</a> authors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rothchild274_73-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Rothchild274-73" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757-74" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup> However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Meier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> have argued that this silence is mainly due to the fact that the original <i>Testimonium</i> probably had a neutral tone toward Jesus and did not contain elements that would have been useful to Christian apologetics, since it did not recognize him as the Messiah, nor did it speak about his resurrection; it was, therefore, not a useful instrument in their polemics with Pagan writers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some scholars also point to the silence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a> as late as the 9th century, and the fact that he does not mention the <i>Testimonium</i> at all in his broad review of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> However, Photios argues in his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Bibliotheca</a></i> that Josephus's works mention the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a> (which no works of Josephus make any reference to), leading many scholars to think that he actually had a scant knowledge of the writings he was reviewing or that the documents he was working on were grossly interpolated. Also, Photios had clearly read Eusebius's <i>Church History</i> and Jerome's <i>De Viris Illustribus</i>, since he lists them both in his <i>Bibliotheca</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Table_of_Josephus_excludes_the_Testimonium">Table of Josephus excludes the Testimonium</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Table of Josephus excludes the Testimonium">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A separate argument from silence against the total or partial authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> is that a 5th- or 6th-century table of contents of Josephus (albeit selective) makes no mention of it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757-74" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arabic_Testimonium_lacks_Christian_terminology">Arabic Testimonium lacks Christian terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arabic Testimonium lacks Christian terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6stenberger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> argues that the fact that the 10th-century Arabic version of the <i>Testimonium</i> (discovered in the 1970s) lacks distinct Christian terminology while sharing the essential elements of the passage indicates that the Greek <i>Testimonium</i> has been subject to interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="No_parallel_in_other_works">No parallel in other works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: No parallel in other works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A final argument from silence relates to Josephus' own writings and questions the authenticity of <i>Testimonium</i> based on the fact that it has no parallel in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Wars of the Jews">Jewish War</a></i>, which includes a discussion of Pontius Pilate at about the same level of detail.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200088_79-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200088-79" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Timing_of_the_interpolations">Timing of the interpolations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Timing of the interpolations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Zvi Baras believes that the <i>Testimonium</i> was subject to interpolation before Eusebius wrote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> Baras believes that Origen had seen the original <i>Testimonium</i> but that the <i>Testimonium</i> seen by Origen had no negative reference to Jesus, else Origen would have reacted against it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> Baras states that the interpolation in the <i>Testimonium</i> took place between Origen and Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> states that a comparison of Eusebius' reference with the 10th-century Arabic version of the <i>Testimonium</i> due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapius_of_Hierapolis" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agapius of Hierapolis">Agapius of Hierapolis</a> indicates that the Christian interpolation present in the <i>Testimonium</i> must have come early, before Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337_26-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Robert E. Van Voorst also states that the interpolation likely took place some time between Origen and Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_partial_authenticity">Arguments for partial authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for partial authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rakow_josephus.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="880" data-file-width="691" decoding="async" height="191" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rakow_josephus.jpg/150px-Rakow_josephus.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rakow_josephus.jpg/225px-Rakow_josephus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rakow_josephus.jpg/300px-Rakow_josephus.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rakow_josephus.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A copy of Josephus' <i>Antiquities</i> c. 1200</div></div></div><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_from_style_and_content">Arguments from style and content</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments from style and content">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lack_of_Jewish_deicide">Lack of Jewish deicide</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Lack of Jewish deicide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a> states that an argument in favor of the partial authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> is that the passage does not stress the role played by the Jewish leaders in the death of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans43_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Evans43-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> According to Evans, if the passage had been an interpolation after the emergence of conflicts between Jews and Christians, it would have had a more accusatory tone, but in its current form reads as one would expect it to read for a passage composed by Josephus towards the end of the first century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans43_51-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Evans43-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> concurs, arguing that if the <i>Testimonium</i> had been the work of a Christian forger, it would have placed blame on the Jewish leaders, but as is it is "perfectly in line" with the attitude of Josephus towards Pilate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> Vermes also states that the detached depiction of the followers of Jesus is not the work of a Christian interpolator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> Vermes calls the Jesus notice in the <i>Testimonium</i> a "veritable tour de force" in which Josephus plays the role of a neutral witness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Josephan_vocabulary_and_style">Josephan vocabulary and style</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Josephan vocabulary and style">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6stenberger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> argues that the <i>Testimonium</i> includes vocabulary that is typically Josephan, and the style is consistent with that of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Köstenberger (and separately Van Voorst) state that the Josephus' reference to the large number of followers of Jesus during his public ministry is unlikely to have been due to a Christian scribe familiar with the New Testament accounts, and is hence unlikely to be an interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200090_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200090-80" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Josephan_beliefs_about_Jesus">Josephan beliefs about Jesus</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Josephan beliefs about Jesus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Claudia Setzer holds that while "tribe is an odd way to describe Christians," it does not necessarily have negative connotations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Setzer106_81-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Setzer106-81" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> Setzer argues for the existence of an authentic kernel because "the style and vocabulary are Josephan" and specific parts (e.g. the use of "wise man") are not what one would expect from a Christian forger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Setzer106_81-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Setzer106-81" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> Setzer argues that the Testimonium indicates that Josephus had heard of Jesus and the basic elements surrounding his death, and that he saw Jesus as primarily a miracle worker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Setzer106_81-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Setzer106-81" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> Van Voorst also states that calling Christians a "tribe" would have been very out of character for a Christian scribe, while Josephus has used it to refer both to Jewish and Christian groups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089–90_53-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_from_external_attestation">Arguments from external attestation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments from external attestation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Origen.27s_complaint_about_Josephus_referencing_Jesus"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origen's_complaint_about_Josephus_referencing_Jesus">Origen's complaint about Josephus referencing Jesus</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Origen's complaint about Josephus referencing Jesus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> notes that in two works (<i>Commentary on Matthew</i> 10.17 and <i>Contra Celsum</i> 1.47; see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#Early_references" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">§ Early references</a>) Origen had actually complained that Josephus had mentioned Jesus, while not recognizing Jesus as the messiah, and this provided an early independent support of the partial Testimonium in a more neutral form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Is_Not_Carpenter_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Is_Not_Carpenter-82" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup> Zvi Baras argues from this that Origen had seen a version of the <i>Testimonium</i> that included no interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340–341_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341-83" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> Baras asserts that a <i>Testimonium</i> seen by Origen must have had a neutral tone, and included no derogatory references towards Christians, and hence required no reaction from Origen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340–341_83-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341-83" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> He claims that the neutral tone of the <i>Testimonium</i> was then modified between the time of Origen and Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340–341_83-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341-83" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> John P. Meier similarly argues that the fact that Origen complains that Josephus had not recognized Jesus as the Messiah points to the fact that Origen had read the original version of the <i>Testimonium</i>, since such a clear statement could not have simply arisen from the "James, brother of Jesus" passage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arabic_Testimonium_more_authentic_version">Arabic Testimonium more authentic version</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arabic Testimonium more authentic version">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6stenberger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> argues that a comparison of the Greek manuscripts with the Arabic quotation discovered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a> in the 1970s provides an indication of the original Josephan text.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Köstenberger states that many modern scholars believe that the Arabic version reflects the state of Josephus' original text before it was subject to Christian interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108_28-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_arguments">Other arguments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other arguments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Comparison_to_Philo.27s_works"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_Philo's_works">Comparison to Philo's works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Comparison to Philo's works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mason_(biblical_scholar)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Mason (biblical scholar)">Steve Mason</a> has argued for partial authenticity for the "Testimonium" because no other parts of any of the works of Josephus have been contested to have had scribal tempering, Christian copyists were usually conservative when transmitting texts in general, and seeing that the works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philo">Philo</a> were unaltered by Christian scribes through the centuries strongly support that it is very unlikely that the passage was invented out of thin air by a Christian scribe. Philo often wrote in a way that was favorable to Christian ideas and yet no Christian scribes took advantage of that to insert Jesus or Christian beliefs into Philo's text.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Authenticity_of_the_James_passage">Authenticity of the James passage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Authenticity of the James passage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans</a> state that the general acceptance of the authenticity of the James passage lends support to the partial authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i> in that the brief reference to "Jesus, who was called Christ" in <i>Antiquities</i> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">XX, 9, 1</a> "clearly implies a prior reference" and that "in all probability the <i>Testimonium</i> is that prior reference".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187–198_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187%E2%80%93198-86" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> concurs with the analysis of Chilton and Evans and states that Josephus' first reference was the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> also considers the "who was called Christ" reference in the James passage as the second reference to Jesus in the <i>Antiquities</i> and states that the first reference is likely to be the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reconstruction_of_an_authentic_kernel">Reconstruction of an authentic kernel</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Reconstruction of an authentic kernel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 112px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu&page=11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3632" data-file-width="2366" decoding="async" height="183" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page11-110px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page11-165px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu/page11-220px-Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="110" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Works_Translated_by_William_Whiston.djvu?page=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>The Works of Josephus</i>, 1879</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Van Voorst">Robert Van Voorst</a> states that most modern scholars believe that the <i>Testimonium</i> is partially authentic, and has a reference to Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> However, he states that scholars are divided on the tone of the original reference and while some scholars believe that it had a negative tone which was softened by Christian interpolators, others believe that it had a neutral tone, in keeping with the style and approach of Josephus regarding the issue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> According to Van Voorst, scholars who support the negative reconstruction contend that the reference read something like "source of further trouble in Jesus a wise man" and that it stated "he was the so-called Christ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> Van Voorst states that most scholars support a neutral reconstruction which states "Around this time lived Jesus, a wise man" and includes no reference to "he was the Christ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> Van Voorst states that if the original references to Jesus had had a negative tone, the Christian scribes would have likely deleted it entirely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> Van Voorst also states that the neutral reconstruction fits better with the Arabic <i>Testimonium</i> discovered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shlomo Pines">Pines</a> in the 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> Van Voorst states that the neutral reconstruction is supported by the majority of scholars because it involves far less conjectural wording and fits better with the style of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Exclusion_of_three_divisive_elements">Exclusion of three divisive elements</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Exclusion of three divisive elements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig Blomberg">Craig Blomberg</a> states that if the three elements "lawful to call him a man", "he was the Christ" and the reference to the resurrection are removed from the <i>Testimonium</i> the rest of the passage flows smoothly within the context, fits the style of Josephus and is likely to be authentic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Blomberg434_89-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Blomberg434-89" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> Blomberg adds that after the removal of these three elements (which are likely interpolations) from the Greek versions the remaining passage fits well with the Arabic version and supports the authenticity of the reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Blomberg434_89-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Blomberg434-89" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_B._Green" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joel B. Green">Joel B. Green</a> also states that the removal of some elements from the <i>Testimonium</i> produces a passage that is likely to be an authentic reference to the death of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-JBGreen89-90" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the estimation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a>, there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding what the <i>Testimonium</i> would look like without the interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> According to Dunn's reconstruction, the original passage likely read:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-JBGreen89-90" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px;"><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="border-left: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and many of Greek origin. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.</p></blockquote></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In this passage, which is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Meier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a>'s reconstruction, Jesus is called a "wise man", but "lawful to call him a man" and "he was the Christ" are removed, as is the reference to the resurrection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-JBGreen89-90" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, Meier's reconstruction is currently the most accepted among scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> has performed a detailed analysis of the <i>Testimonium</i> and modified it to remove what he considers the interpolations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Henry185_54-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Henry185-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> In Vermes' reconstruction "there was Jesus, a wise man" is retained, but the reference to "he was the Christ" is changed to "he was called the Christ" and the resurrection reference is omitted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> Vermes states that the <i>Testimonium</i> provides Josephus' authentic portrayal of Jesus, depicting him as a wise teacher and miracle worker with an enthusiastic group of followers who remained faithful to him after his crucifixion by Pilate, up to the time of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geza35_56-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Geza35-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> Vermes's version reads:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and many of Greek origin. He was called the Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_complete_forgery">Arguments for complete forgery</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for complete forgery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Textual_similarities_to_Eusebian_works">Textual similarities to Eusebian works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Textual similarities to Eusebian works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition to the arguments listed above, a minority of scholars have put forward arguments to the effect that the entire <i>Testimonium</i> is a Christian interpolation. For example, Kenneth Olson has argued that the entire <i>Testimonium</i> must have been forged by Eusebius himself, basing his argument on textual similarities between the <i>Testimonium</i> and Eusebius' writings in the <i>Demonstrations of the Gospels</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Three_Eusebian_phrases">Three Eusebian phrases</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Three Eusebian phrases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2012, Josephus scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> reversed his prior support for the partial authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i>, proposing that the passage was interpolated in its entirety by Eusebius. In support of this view, Feldman points out, following Olson, that the <i>Testimonium</i> features three phrases ('one who wrought surprising feats,' 'the tribe of the Christians,' and 'still to this day') which are used no where else in the whole of Greek literature except Eusebius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-feldman-2012_93-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-feldman-2012-93" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> Feldman's new theory was criticized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carleton_Paget" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Carleton Paget">James Carleton Paget</a>, who accused Feldman of misreading the data and of using anachronistic criteria.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Both Carleton Paget and Alice Whealey had already responded to Olson's argument, rejecting its arguments and conclusion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> In his 2000 book Van Voorst had also argued that the word "tribe" is actually used by Josephus to describe other Jewish groups, while Geza Vermes argued in 2009 that the expression "surprising feats" (<i>paradoxon ergon</i>) is repeatedly used by Josephus in his works to describe many miracles associated with the Old Testament (such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_bush" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> and the miracles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="4th-century_Christian_creedal_statements">4th-century Christian creedal statements</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: 4th-century Christian creedal statements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Hopper" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul J. Hopper">Paul Hopper</a> wrote a book chapter in which he argued that the style and narrative structure of the <i>Testimonium</i> is sharply in contrast with the rest of Josephus' work. According to Hopper, the language of the <i>Testimonium</i> has more in common with fourth-century Christian creedal statements than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> work of first-century authors, including Josephus. He concluded that the most likely explanation is that the passage was simply interpolated in its entirety by a Christian scribe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hopper_99-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-hopper-99" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The concordance of the language used in the <i>Testimonium</i>, its flow within the text, and its length have formed components of the internal arguments against its authenticity, e.g. that the brief and compact character of the <i>Testimonium</i> stands in marked contrast to Josephus' more extensive accounts presented elsewhere in his works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells49_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Wells49-100" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> For example, Josephus' description of the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> includes consideration of his virtues, the theology associated with his baptismal practices, his oratorical skills, his influence, the circumstances of his death, and the belief that the destruction of Herod's army was a divine punishment for Herod's slaughter of John.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MeierJSTOR_101-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-MeierJSTOR-101" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._A._Wells" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. A. Wells">G. A. Wells</a> has argued against the authenticity of the <i>Testimonium</i>, stating that the passage is noticeably shorter and more cursory than such notices generally used by Josephus in the <i>Antiquities</i>, and that had it been authentic, it would have included more details and a longer introduction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells49_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Wells49-100" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Intrusion_that_breaks_the_narrative">Intrusion that breaks the narrative</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Intrusion that breaks the narrative">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A further internal argument against the <i>Testimonium's</i> authenticity is the context of the passage in the <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> Some scholars argue that the passage is an intrusion into the progression of Josephus' text at the point in which it appears in the <i>Antiquities</i> and breaks the thread of the narrative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells49_100-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Wells49-100" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id=".22James.2C_the_brother_of_Jesus.22_passage"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""James,_the_brother_of_Jesus"_passage">"James, the brother of Jesus" passage</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: "James, the brother of Jesus" passage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px; width: 384px;"><div class="quotebox-title" style="font-size: 13.552px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Josephus' reference to James the brother of Jesus</div><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="border-left: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">And now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator. But the king deprived Joseph of the high priesthood, and bestowed the succession to that dignity on the son of Ananus, who was also himself called Ananus. Now the report goes that this eldest Ananus proved a most fortunate man; for he had five sons who had all performed the office of a high priest to God, and who had himself enjoyed that dignity a long time formerly, which had never happened to any other of our high priests. But this younger Ananus, who, as we have told you already, took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his temper, and very insolent; he was also of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judging offenders, above all the rest of the Jews, as we have already observed; when, therefore, Ananus was of this disposition, he thought he had now a proper opportunity. Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin">sanhedrin</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shophet" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shophet">judges</a>, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned: but as for those who seemed the most equitable of the citizens, and such as were the most uneasy at the breach of the laws, they disliked what was done; they also sent to the king, desiring him to send to Ananus that he should act so no more, for that what he had already done was not to be justified; nay, some of them went also to meet Albinus, as he was upon his journey from Alexandria, and informed him that it was not lawful for Ananus to assemble a sanhedrin without his consent. Whereupon Albinus complied with what they said, and wrote in anger to Ananus, and threatened that he would bring him to punishment for what he had done; on which king Agrippa took the high priesthood from him, when he had ruled but three months, and made Jesus, the son of Damneus, high priest.</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="display: block; font-style: normal;">Flavius Josephus: <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> For Greek text see <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+20.9.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0145" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></cite></p></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a>) Josephus refers to the stoning of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the brother of Jesus</a>" (James the Just) by order of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian-era</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_103-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-103" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_104-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141-104" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> The James referred to in this passage is most likely the James to whom the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></i> has been attributed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_104-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141-104" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670_105-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670-105" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale20032–3_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale20032%E2%80%933-106" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> The translations of Josephus' writing into other languages have at times included passages that are not found in the Greek texts, raising the possibility of interpolation, but this passage on James is found in all manuscripts, including the Greek texts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_104-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141-104" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The context of the passage is the period following the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcius_Festus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a>, and the journey to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lucceius Albinus">Lucceius Albinus</a>, the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)#List_of_Governors_(CE_6%E2%80%93135)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Procurator of Judea</a>, who held that position from AD 62 to 64.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_104-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141-104" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> Because Albinus' journey to Alexandria had to have concluded no later than the summer of AD 62, the date of James' death can be assigned with some certainty to around that year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_104-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141-104" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-107" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_103-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-103" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> The 2nd century chronicler <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> also left an account of the death of James, and while the details he provides diverge from those of Josephus, the two accounts share similar elements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_108-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-108" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199–203_109-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199%E2%80%93203-109" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_107-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-107" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Modern scholarship has almost universally acknowledged the authenticity of the reference to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman557_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman557-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> (τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ) and has rejected its being the result of later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_interpolation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BauckhamA_110-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-BauckhamA-110" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57_39-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285_49-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-refsummary_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-refsummary-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Moreover, in comparison with Hegesippus' account of James' death, most scholars consider Josephus' to be the more historically reliable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_108-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-108" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> However, a few scholars question the authenticity of the reference, based on various arguments, but primarily based on the observation that various details in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> differ from it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas199633–37_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas199633%E2%80%9337-111" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_references">Early references</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Early references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origen_of_Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Origen of Alexandria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 3rd century, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> claimed in two works that Josephus had mentioned James, the brother of Jesus. In Origen's commentary on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, he writes:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">And to so great a reputation among the people for righteousness did this James rise, that Flavius Josephus, who wrote the “Antiquities of the Jews” in twenty books, when wishing to exhibit the cause why the people suffered so great misfortunes that even the temple was razed to the ground, said, that these things happened to them in accordance with the wrath of God in consequence of the things which they had dared to do against <b>James the brother of Jesus who is called Christ.</b> And the wonderful thing is, that, though he did not accept Jesus as Christ, he yet gave testimony that the righteousness of James was so great; and he says that the people thought that they had suffered these things because of James.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Commentary on Matthew</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IX/Origen_on_Matthew/Origen%27s_Commentary_on_Matthew/Book_X/Chapter_17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/Origen on Matthew/Origen's Commentary on Matthew/Book X/Chapter 17">Book X, Chapter 17</a> (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In Origen's apologetic work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Celsum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i>, he made a similar remark:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">Now this writer <i>[Josephus]</i>, although not believing in Jesus as the Christ, in seeking after the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple, whereas he ought to have said that the conspiracy against Jesus was the cause of these calamities befalling the people, since they put to death Christ, who was a prophet, says nevertheless—being, although against his will, not far from the truth—that these disasters happened to the Jews as a punishment for the death of <b>James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus (called Christ)</b>,—the Jews having put him to death, although he was a man most distinguished for his justice.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Contra Celsum</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Origen/Origen_Against_Celsus/Book_I/Chapter_XLVII" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book I/Chapter XLVII">Book I, Chapter XLVII</a> (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many commentators have concluded that Origen is making reference to the "James, the brother of Jesus" passage found in <i>Antiquities</i>, Book 20 here, but there are some problems with this view.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987-71" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005205_112-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005205-112" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> Origen is attributing statements to Josephus that he never wrote in any of his extant works (such as the claim that the killing of James caused the destruction of the Jerusalem temple),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132–137_113-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132%E2%80%93137-113" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> suggesting that he is at least partially confused.</p><h4 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Eusebius_of_Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Eusebius of Caesarea">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_II/Chapter_23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume I/Church History of Eusebius/Book II/Chapter 23">Book II, Chapter 23.20</a> of his <i>Church History</i>, Eusebius mentions Josephus' reference to the death of James. Eusebius attributes the following quote to Josephus: “These things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man.” However, this statement does not appear in the extant manuscripts of Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132–137_113-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132%E2%80%93137-113" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> Moreover, in Book III, ch. 11 of his <i>Church History</i> Eusebius states that the conquest of Jerusalem immediately followed the martyrdom of James setting the martyrdom at <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 70</span> rather than the <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 62</span> given by Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-115" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_authenticity">Arguments for authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> states that the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James has been "almost universally acknowledged."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-116" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> Feldman states that this passage, above others, indicates that Josephus did say something about Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56_117-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56-117" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup> Feldman states that it would make no sense for Origen to show amazement that Josephus did not acknowledge Jesus as Christ (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IX/Origen_on_Matthew/Origen%27s_Commentary_on_Matthew/Book_X/Chapter_17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/Origen on Matthew/Origen's Commentary on Matthew/Book X/Chapter 17">Book X, Chapter 17</a>), if Josephus had not referred to Jesus at all.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756-118" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> states that most scholars agree with Feldman's assessment that "few have doubted the genuineness of this passage"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285_49-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Zvi Baras also states that most modern scholars consider the James passage to be authentic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987341_119-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987341-119" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="439" data-file-width="392" decoding="async" height="202" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg/180px-Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg/270px-Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg/360px-Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakov_brat_gospodnji.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 13th-century icon of James, Serbian monastery <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gračanica Monastery">Gračanica</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> the overwhelming majority of scholars consider both the reference to "the brother of Jesus called Christ" and the entire passage that includes it as authentic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> Van Voorst states that the James passage fits well in the context in the <i>Antiquities</i> and an indication for its authenticity is the lack of the laudatory language that a Christian interpolator would have used to refer to Jesus as "the Lord", or a similar term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083–84_120-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083%E2%80%9384-120" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> Van Voorst also states that the use of a neutral term "called Christ" which neither denies nor affirms Jesus as the Messiah points to authenticity, and indicates that Josephus used it to distinguish Jesus from the many other people called Jesus at the time, in the same way that James is distinguished, given that it was also a common name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083–84_120-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083%E2%80%9384-120" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> states that although a few scholars have questioned the James passage, "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic", and that among the several accounts of the death of James the account in Josephus is generally considered to be historically the most reliable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bauckham_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Bauckham-121" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup> Bauckham states that the method of killing James by stoning, and the description provided by Josephus via the assembly of the Sanhedrin of judges are consistent with the policies of the Temple authorities towards the early Christian Church at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bauckham231_122-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Bauckham231-122" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> considers the James passage to be authentic and states that the James passage attests to the existence of Jesus as a historical person, and that his followers considered him the Messiah.(Köstenberger pages 104–5) Köstenberger states that the statement by Josephus that some people recognized Jesus as the Messiah is consistent with the grammar of Josephus elsewhere but does not imply that Josephus himself considered Jesus the Messiah.(Köstenberger pages 104–5) Köstenberger concurs with John Meier that it is highly unlikely for the passage to be a Christian interpolation given that in New Testament texts James is referred to as the "brother of the Lord" rather than the "brother of Jesus", and that a Christian interpolator would have provided a more detailed account at that point.(Köstenberger pages 104–5)</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Claudia Setzer states that few have questioned the authenticity of the James passage, partly based on the observation that a Christian interpolator would have provided more praise for James.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Setzer108_123-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Setzer108-123" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> Setzer states that the passage indicates that Josephus, a Jewish historian writing towards the end of the first century, could use a neutral tone towards Christians, with some tones of sympathy, implying that they may be worthy of Roman protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Setzer108_123-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Setzer108-123" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Painter (theologian)">John Painter</a> states that nothing in the James passage looks suspiciously like a Christian interpolation and that the account can be accepted as historical.(Painter pages 139–42). Painter discusses the role of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus</a> and the background to the passage, and states that after being deposed as High Priest for killing James and being replaced by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_ben_Damneus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus ben Damneus">Jesus the son of Damnaeus</a>, Ananus had maintained his influence within Jerusalem through bribery.(Painter page 136) Painter points out that as described in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 2</a>) Ananus was bribing both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lucceius Albinus">Albinus</a> and Jesus the son of Damnaeus so that his men could take the tithes of other priests outside Jerusalem, to the point that some priests then starved to death.(Painter pages 139–42). Philip Carrington states that there is no reason to question the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James, and elaborates the background by stating that Ananus continued to remain a power within the Jewish circles at the time even after being deposed, and that it is likely that the charges brought against James by Ananus were not only because of his Christian association but because he objected to the oppressive policies against the poor; hence explaining the later indignation of the more moderate Jewish leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-124" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_against_authenticity">Arguments against authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments against authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus,_1842.djvu&page=7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3470" data-file-width="2028" decoding="async" height="272" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu/page7-150px-Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu/page7-225px-Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu/page7-300px-Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus%2C_1842.djvu.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecclesiastical_History_of_Eusebius_Pamphilus,_1842.djvu?page=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An 1842 copy of Eusebius' <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i></div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A comparative argument made against the authenticity of the James passage by scholars such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Rajak" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tessa Rajak">Tessa Rajak</a> is that the passage has a negative tone regarding the High Priest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus</a>, presenting him as impulsive while in the <i>Jewish Wars</i> Josephus presents a positive view of Ananus and portrays him as prudent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128–130_125-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130-125" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756-118" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A textual argument against the authenticity of the James passage is that the use of the term "Christos" there seems unusual for Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128–130_125-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130-125" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> An argument based on the flow of the text in the document is that given that the mention of Jesus appears in the <i>Antiquities</i> before that of the John the Baptist a Christian interpolator may have inserted it to place Jesus in the text before John.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128–130_125-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130-125" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> A further argument against the authenticity of the James passage is that it would have read well even without a reference to Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128–130_125-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130-125" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Differences_with_Christian_sources">Differences with Christian sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Differences with Christian sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Josephus's account places the date of the death of James as AD 62.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-126" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup> This date is supported by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s 'seventh year of the Emperor Nero', although Jerome may simply be drawing this from Josephus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005221–222_127-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005221%E2%80%93222-127" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> However, James's successor as leader of the Jerusalem church, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon</a>, is not, in tradition, appointed till after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in AD 70, and Eusebius's notice of Simeon implies a date for the death of James immediately before the siege, i.e. about AD 69.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–145_128-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145-128" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> The method of death of James is not mentioned in the New Testament.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> However, the account of Josephus differs from that of later works by Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, and Eusebius of Caesarea in that it simply has James stoned while the others have other variations such as having James thrown from the top of the Temple, stoned, and finally beaten to death by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fulling">fuller</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189_130-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189-130" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> as well as his death occurring during the siege of Jerusalem in AD 69.</p><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 132px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="361" data-file-width="218" decoding="async" height="215" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png/130px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png/195px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="130" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_096v_1.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Painter (theologian)">John Painter</a> states that the relationship of the death of James to the siege is an important <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/theologoumenon" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:theologoumenon">theologoumenon</a> in the early church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–5_131-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%935-131" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup> On the basis of the Gospel accounts it was concluded that the fate of the city was determined by the death there of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–145_128-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145-128" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> To account for the 35 year difference, Painter states that the city was preserved temporarily by the presence within it of a 'just man' (see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>); who was identified with James, as confirmed by Origen. Hence Painter states that the killing of James restarted the clock that led to the destruction of the city and that the traditional dating of AD 69 simply arose from an over-literal application of the theologoumenon, and is not to be regarded as founded on a historical source.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–145_128-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145-128" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> The difference between Josephus and the Christian accounts of the death of James is seen as an indication that the Josephus passage is not a Christian interpolation by scholars such as Eddy, Boyd, and Kostenberger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189_130-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189-130" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–05_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%9305-132" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> states that compared to the Christian accounts: "the sober picture of Josephus appears all the more believable".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-133" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._A._Wells" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. A. Wells">G. A. Wells</a>, on the other hand, has stated that in view of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s statements these variations from the Christian accounts may be signs of interpolation in the James passage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells545_134-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Wells545-134" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="John_the_Baptist_passage">John the Baptist passage</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=46" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: John the Baptist passage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; max-width: 100%; padding: 10px; width: 288px;"><div class="quotebox-title" style="font-size: 13.552px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Josephus' reference to John the Baptist</div><blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="border-left: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man... Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion... Accordingly, he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-135" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup></p></blockquote></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 5, 2</a>) Josephus refers to the imprisonment and death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> by order of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the ruler of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea_(Bible)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perea (Bible)">Perea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694–695_137-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694%E2%80%93695-137" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup> The context of this reference is the AD 36 defeat of Herod Antipas in his conflict with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatea" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a>, which the Jews of the time attributed to misfortune brought about by Herod's unjust <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beheading of St. John the Baptist">execution of John</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201048_138-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201048-138" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDapaah200548_139-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDapaah200548-139" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983125–127_140-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983125%E2%80%93127-140" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Almost all modern scholars consider this passage to be authentic in its entirety, although a small number of authors have questioned it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662–63_141-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662%E2%80%9363-141" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1992990–991_142-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1992990%E2%80%93991-142" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> Because the death of John also appears prominently in the Christian gospels, this passage is considered an important connection between the events Josephus recorded, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chronology of Jesus">chronology of the gospels</a> and the dates for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup> A few scholars have questioned the passage, contending that the absence of Christian tampering or interpolation does not itself prove authenticity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothschild2011257–258_143-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild2011257%E2%80%93258-143" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup> While this passage is the only reference to John the Baptist outside the New Testament, it is widely seen by most scholars as confirming the historicity of the baptisms that John performed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy20032003_144-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20032003-144" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonasLopez201095–96_145-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonasLopez201095%E2%80%9396-145" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187–198_86-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187%E2%80%93198-86" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> According to Marsh, any contrast between Josephus and the Gospel's accounts of John would be because the former lacked interest in the messianic element of John's mission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman1984_146-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman1984-146" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_authenticity_2">Arguments for authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments for authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2811" data-file-width="2442" decoding="async" height="173" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg/150px-Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg/225px-Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg/300px-Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberzell_Alte_Kirche_Decke_Johannes_im_Kerker.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messengers_from_John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messengers from John the Baptist">John the Baptist in prison</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Anton_Hafner" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josef Anton Hafner">Hafner</a>, 1750.</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a> states that almost all modern scholars consider the Josephus passage on John to be authentic in its entirety, and that what Josephus states about John fits well both with the general depiction of John in the New Testament and within the historical context of the activities of other men, their preachings and their promises during that period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Louis Feldman, who believes the Josephus passage on John is authentic, states that Christian interpolators would have been very unlikely to have devoted almost twice as much space to John (163 words) as to Jesus (89 words).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Louis_H_pages_330-1_147-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Louis_H_pages_330-1-147" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup> Feldman also states that a Christian interpolator would have likely altered Josephus's passage about John the Baptist to make the circumstances of the death of John become similar to the New Testament, and to indicate that John was a forerunner of Jesus. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56_117-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56-117" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> states that the accounts of Josephus and the New Testament regarding John the Baptist are closer than they may appear at a first reading.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377-148" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> Dunn states that Josephus positions John as a righteous preacher (<i>dikaiosyne</i>) who encourages his followers to practice "righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God" and that <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:20</a> similarly calls John "a righteous (<i>dikaios</i>) and holy man".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377-148" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> Dunn states that Antipas likely saw John as a figure whose ascetic lifestyle and calls for moral reform could provoke a popular uprising on moral grounds, as both Josephus and the New Testament suggest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377-148" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Justin Meggitt states that there are fundamental similarities between the Josephus' portrayal of John the Baptist and the New Testament narrative in that in both accounts John is positioned as a preacher of morality, not as someone who had challenged the political authority of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2003508_149-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2003508-149" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup> W. E. Nunnally states that the John passage is considered authentic and that Josephus' emphasis on the egalitarian nature of John's teachings fit well into the biblical and historical traditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-150" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In Origen's apologetic work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Celsum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i>, made an explicit reference to the Josephus passage discussing John the Baptist:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">For in the 18th book of his Antiquities of the Jews, <b>Josephus bears witness to John as having been a Baptist</b>, and as promising purification to those who underwent the rite.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Contra Celsum</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Origen/Origen_Against_Celsus/Book_I/Chapter_XLVII" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book I/Chapter XLVII">Book I, Chapter XLVII</a> (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Here, Origen provides a clear, unambiguous indication that the passage concerning John the Baptist existed in his early manuscript of <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987-71" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> This implies that the John the Baptist passage would have had to have been interpolated into the <i>Antiquities</i> at quite an early date, before the time of Origen, if it is inauthentic.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>'s 4th-century work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_I/Chapter_11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume I/Church History of Eusebius/Book I/Chapter 11">Book I, Chapter XI</a>), Eusebius also discusses the Josephus reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>'s killing of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, and mentions the marriage to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodias">Herodias</a> in paragraphs 1 to 6.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_against_authenticity_2">Arguments against authenticity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Arguments against authenticity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Rivka Nir argues that the kind of baptism performed by John the Baptist was not considered legitimate in the mainstream Jewish circles to which Josephus belonged, and therefore Josephus could not have described John as positively as he is in <i>Antiquities</i>, Book 18. Nir therefore concludes that the passage is likely a Christian interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nir_151-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-nir-151" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Claire Rothschild has stated that the absence of Christian interpolations in the Josephus passage on John the Baptist can not by itself be used as an argument for its authenticity, but is merely an indication of the lack of tampering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-152" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Differences_with_Christian_sources_2">Differences with Christian sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Differences with Christian sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The marriage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodias">Herodias</a> is mentioned both in Josephus and in the gospels, and scholars consider Josephus as a key connection in establishing the approximate chronology of specific episodes related to John the Baptist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup> However, although both the gospels and Josephus refer to Herod Antipas killing John the Baptist, they differ on the details and motives, e.g. whether this act was a consequence of the marriage of Herod Antipas and Herodias (as indicated in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#14:4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 14:4</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:18</a>), or a pre-emptive measure by Herod which possibly took place before the marriage to quell a possible uprising based on the remarks of John, as Josephus suggests in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Antiquities 18.5.2</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003508–509_153-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003508%E2%80%93509-153" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyersCravenKraemer200192–93_154-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyersCravenKraemer200192%E2%80%9393-154" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen201042–43_155-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201042%E2%80%9343-155" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201048_138-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201048-138" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cyndy48_156-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Cyndy48-156" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325–31_157-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331-157" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a> contends that Josephus missed the religious meaning while recording only the political aspect of the conflict between Herod and John, which led to the latter's death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldman1984_146-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Feldman1984-146" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">While Josephus identifies the location of the imprisonment of John as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaerus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>, southeast of the mouth of the Jordan river, the gospels mention no location for the place where John was imprisoned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842_158-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842-158" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup> According to other historical accounts Machaerus was rebuilt by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> around 30 BC and then passed to Herod Antipas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842_158-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842-158" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325–31_157-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331-157" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoblet200515–17_159-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblet200515%E2%80%9317-159" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup> The AD 36 date of the conflict with Aretas IV (mentioned by Josephus) is consistent with the approximate date of the marriage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodias">Herodias</a> estimated by other historical methods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325–31_157-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331-157" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983131_160-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983131-160" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694–695_137-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694%E2%80%93695-137" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> has stated that there is "no necessary contradiction between Josephus and the gospels as to the reason why John was put to death" in that the Christians chose to emphasize the moral charges while Josephus emphasized the political fears that John stirred in Herod.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-161" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Josephus stated (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Antiquities 18.5.2</a>) that the AD 36 defeat of Herod Antipas in the conflicts with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatea" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a> was widely considered by the Jews of the time as misfortune brought about by Herod's unjust execution of John the Baptist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cyndy48_156-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Cyndy48-156" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-162" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hoehner125_163-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Hoehner125-163" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[163]</a></sup> The approximate dates presented by Josephus are in concordance with other historical records, and most scholars view the variation between the motive presented by Josephus and the New Testament accounts is seen as an indication that the Josephus passage is not a Christian interpolation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58_136-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358-136" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_three_passages_in_relation_to_The_Jewish_Wars">The three passages in relation to <i>The Jewish Wars</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The three passages in relation to The Jewish Wars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1169" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="219" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg/150px-Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg/225px-Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg/300px-Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gar._15_f.3r.jpeg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 15th-century copy of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> in Italian</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> states that it is significant that the passages on James and John are found in the <i>Antiquities</i> and not in the <i>Jewish Wars</i>, but provides three explanations for their absence from the <i>Jewish Wars</i>. One explanation is that the <i>Antiquities</i> covers the time period involved at a greater length than the <i>Jewish Wars</i>. The second explanation is that during the gap between the writing of the <i>Jewish Wars</i> (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 70</span>) and <i>Antiquities</i> (after AD 90) Christians had become more important in Rome and were hence given attention in the <i>Antiquities</i>. Another explanation is that the passages were added to the <i>Antiquities</i> to highlight the power of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, but he considers the last explanation less likely than the others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">One of the arguments against the authenticity of the James passage has been that in the <i>Jewish Wars</i> Josephus portrays the High Priest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus</a> in a positive manner, while in the <i>Antiquities</i> he writes of Ananus in a negative tone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756-118" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> Louis Feldman rejects these arguments against the authenticity of the James passage and states that in several other unrelated cases the <i>Jewish War</i> also differs from the <i>Antiquities</i>, and that an interpolator would have made the two accounts correspond more closely to each other, not make them differ.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756-118" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The twenty-year gap between the writing of the <i>Jewish Wars</i> and the <i>Antiquities</i> has also been used to explain some of the differences in tone between them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thoma_164-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Thoma-164" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Thoma" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clemens Thoma">Clemens Thoma</a> provides an explanation for this based on the observation that Josephus may have learned of the details of the actions of Ananus in the twenty-year gap between the writing of the Jewish Wars and the Antiquities, and thus avoided a positive tone when writing of Ananus in the <i>Antiquities</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thoma_164-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Thoma-164" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Painter (theologian)">John Painter</a> states that the difference in the context for the <i>Jewish Wars</i> and the <i>Antiquities</i> may also account for some of the differences in tone between them, e.g. when writing of Ananus in a positive tone in the <i>Jewish Wars</i> the context was Ananus' prudence in avoiding a war and hence Josephus considered that a positive aspect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157_165-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157-165" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup> However, when writing in the <i>Antiquities</i> about the actions of Ananus which resulted in his demotion from the High Priesthood, the context required the manifestation of a negative aspect of Ananus' character.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157_165-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157-165" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #202122; display: table; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; max-width: 175px; padding: 0.1em;"><li class="portalbox-entry" style="display: table-row; font-size: 11.9px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; height: 1.9em; line-height: 13.09px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="portalbox-image" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="28" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="31" /></a></span><span class="portalbox-link" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul><ul style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Bar-Serapion_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mara Bar-Serapion on Jesus">Mara Bar-Serapion on Jesus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Judea" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Messiah" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caesar's Messiah">Caesar's Messiah</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="reflist" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57Flavius_JosephusMaier199512-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Flavius_JosephusMaier199512_1-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, pp. 54–57; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995</a>, p. 12.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57Maier2007336–337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Maier2007336%E2%80%93337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341_2-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, pp. 54–57; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMaier2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Maier 2007</a>, pp. 336–337; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFSchreckenbergSchubert1992a" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Schreckenberg & Schubert 1992a</a>, pp. 38–41.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41Dunn2003141KostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108Evans2001316Wansbrough2004185Van_Voorst2003509–511-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337SchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341Dunn2003141KostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108Evans2001316Wansbrough2004185Van_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511_3-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMaier2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Maier 2007</a>, pp. 336–337; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFSchreckenbergSchubert1992a" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Schreckenberg & Schubert 1992a</a>, pp. 38–41; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFDunn2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 141; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Kostenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 104–108; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2001" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2001</a>, p. 316; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWansbrough2004" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Wansbrough 2004</a>, p. 185; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2003</a>, pp. 509–511.</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEhrman2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ehrman, Bart D. (24 February 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/do-any-ancient-jewish-sources-mention-jesus-weekly-mailbag/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Do Any Ancient Jewish Sources Mention Jesus?"</a>. <i>The Bart Ehrman Blog</i>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">If this is something Josephus wrote, as most scholars continue to think, then it indicates that Jesus was a wise man and a teacher who performed startling deeds and as a consequence found a following among both Jews and Greeks; it states that he was accused by Jewish leaders before Pilate, who condemned him to be crucified; and it points out that his followers remained devoted to him even afterward (Ant. 18.3.3)</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Do+Any+Ancient+Jewish+Sources+Mention+Jesus%3F&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fdo-any-ancient-jewish-sources-mention-jesus-weekly-mailbag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFCohen2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/576" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Josephus"</a>. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <i>The Jewish Annotated New Testament</i>. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/576" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">576</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6"><bdi>978-0-19-529770-6</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">Most modern scholars believe that Josephus could not have written this text as we have it... Scholars disagree about exactly how to reconstruct the original of the passage.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Annotated+New+Testament&rft.pages=576&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529770-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishannotatedn0000unse%2Fpage%2F576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Robert McLachlan Wilson, <i>New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings</i>, page 490 (James Clarke & Co. Ltd, 2003). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22721-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22721-X">0-664-22721-X</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Feldman557-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman557_7-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman557_7-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8">90-04-08554-8</a> pages 55–57) states that the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James has been "almost universally acknowledged".</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083FeldmanHata198754–57Flavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285Bauckham1999199–203Painter2005134–141-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083FeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357Flavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285Bauckham1999199%E2%80%93203Painter2005134%E2%80%93141_8-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 83; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, pp. 54–57; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995</a>, pp. 284–285; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBauckham1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bauckham 1999</a>, pp. 199–203; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 134–141.</span></li><li id="cite_note-refsummary-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-refsummary_9-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-refsummary_9-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sample quotes from previous references: Van Voorst (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> page 83) states that the overwhelming majority of scholars consider both the reference to "the brother of Jesus called Christ" and the entire passage that includes it as authentic." Bauckham (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1">90-04-11550-1</a>pages 199–203) states: "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic". Meir (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6">978-0-8254-3260-6</a> pages 108–109) agrees with Feldman that few have questioned the authenticity of the James passage. Setzer (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X">0-8006-2680-X</a> pages 108–109) also states that few have questioned its authenticity.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">|first=Luke | Middle=Timothy |last=Johnson| year=2005 |title=The letter of James: a new translation with introduction and commentary. |Publisher=New Haven; London: Yale University Press. |page 98</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58Bromiley1982694–695White201048-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358Bromiley1982694%E2%80%93695White201048_11-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2006</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBromiley1982" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bromiley 1982</a>, pp. 694–695; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhite2010" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">White 2010</a>, p. 48.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58Painter2005143–145-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358Painter2005143%E2%80%93145_12-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2006</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 143–145.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58EddyBoyd2007130Painter2005143–145-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358EddyBoyd2007130Painter2005143%E2%80%93145_13-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2006</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 130; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 143–145.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984826_14-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldman1984" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman 1984</a>, p. 826.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata1989431-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata1989431_15-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1989" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1989</a>, p. 431.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming200326-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming200326_16-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus et al. 2003</a>, p. 26.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987369-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987369_17-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBaras1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Baras 1987</a>, p. 369.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2001LI-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2001LI_18-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMason2001" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Mason 2001</a>, p. LI.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1984_19-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldman1984" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman 1984</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_20-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 83.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200085-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200085_21-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 85.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreed1932-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreed1932_22-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFCreed1932" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Creed 1932</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373–374-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373%E2%80%93374_23-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1987373%E2%80%93374_23-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBowman1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bowman 1987</a>, pp. 373–374.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998451-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998451_24-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Chilton & Evans 1998</a>, p. 451.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines197119-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines197119_25-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPines1971" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Pines 1971</a>, p. 19.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336–337-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2007336%E2%80%93337_26-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMaier2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Maier 2007</a>, pp. 336–337.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006329–330-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2006329%E2%80%93330_27-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldman2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman 2006</a>, pp. 329–330.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–108-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%93108_28-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Kostenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 104–108.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200097_29-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 97.</span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The historical Jesus: ancient evidence for the life of Christ</i> by Gary R. Habermas 1996 ISBN page 194</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201133–44-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201133%E2%80%9344_31-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201133%E2%80%9344_31-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVermes2011" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Vermes 2011</a>, pp. 33–44.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578–579-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578%E2%80%93579_32-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhealey2008" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Whealey 2008</a>, pp. 578–579.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008578_33-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhealey2008" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Whealey 2008</a>, p. 578.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008580–581-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008580%E2%80%93581_34-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhealey2008" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Whealey 2008</a>, pp. 580–581.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008588-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhealey2008588_35-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhealey2008" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Whealey 2008</a>, p. 588.</span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus: <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 3, 3</a>, based on the translation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a>, The Loeb Classical Library. <a class="external free" href="http://www.josephus.org/testimonium.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://www.josephus.org/testimonium.htm</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662_37-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus, Whiston & Maier 1999</a>, p. 662.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38–41-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341_38-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreckenbergSchubert1992a38%E2%80%9341_38-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFSchreckenbergSchubert1992a" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Schreckenberg & Schubert 1992a</a>, pp. 38–41.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357_39-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754%E2%80%9357_39-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, pp. 54–57.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth1990-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth1990_40-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFLouth1990" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Louth 1990</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert2007-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGiffert2007_41-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMcGiffert2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">McGiffert 2007</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson1999-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999_42-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson1999_42-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFOlson1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Olson 1999</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill2011-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace-Hadrill2011_43-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWallace-Hadrill2011" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Wallace-Hadrill 2011</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth A. Olson, <i>Eusebius and the Testimonium Flavianum</i>. The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 61 (2): 305, 1999</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2001316-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2001316_45-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2001" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2001</a>, p. 316.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWansbrough2004185-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWansbrough2004185_46-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWansbrough2004" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Wansbrough 2004</a>, p. 185.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Wells48-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Wells48_47-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jesus Legend</i> by G. A. Wells 1996 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812693345" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0812693345">0812693345</a> page 48: "... that Josephus made <i>some</i> reference to Jesus, which has been retouched by a Christian hand. This is the view argued by Meier as by most scholars today particularly since S. Pines..."</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003141_48-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFDunn2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 141.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285_49-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285_49-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285_49-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284%E2%80%93285_49-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995</a>, pp. 284–285.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339_50-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987339_50-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBaras1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Baras 1987</a>, p. 339.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Evans43-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Evans43_51-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Evans43_51-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Evans43_51-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i> by Craig A. Evans 2001 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a> page 43</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509–511-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511_52-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509%E2%80%93511_52-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2003</a>, pp. 509–511.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089–90-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390_53-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390_53-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089%E2%80%9390_53-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 89–90.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Henry185-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Henry185_54-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Henry185_54-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition</i> by Henry Wansbrough 2004 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9">0-567-04090-9</a> page 185</span></li><li id="cite_note-Kellum104-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Kellum104_55-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> by Andreas J. Kostenberger, L. Scott Kellum and Charles L Quarles 2009 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4365-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4365-7">0-8054-4365-7</a> pages 104–108</span></li><li id="cite_note-Geza35-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Geza35_56-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in the Jewish World</i> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> 2011 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-04379-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-04379-4">0-334-04379-4</a> pages 35–43</span></li><li id="cite_note-Evans316-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Evans316_57-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i> by Craig A. Evans 2001 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a> page 316</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089_58-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 89.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-90-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200089-90_59-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 89-90.</span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-:0_60-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-:0_60-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGoldberg2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Goldberg, Gary J. (Feb 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/jshj/20/1/article-p1_2.xml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Josephus's Paraphrase Style and the Testimonium Flavianum"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. <b>20</b>(1): 1–32. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-bja10003" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/17455197-bja10003</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244296505" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">244296505</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Josephus%27s+Paraphrase+Style+and+the+Testimonium+Flavianum&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-bja10003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244296505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fjshj%2F20%2F1%2Farticle-p1_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198755-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198755_61-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, p. 55. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?redir_esc=y&id=f3KwlJSQr4cC&q=aforementioned#v=snippet&q=aforementioned&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Google books</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Feld88Hata430-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feld88Hata430_62-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Josephus, the Bible, and History</i> by Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata 1988 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1982-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1982-3">0-8143-1982-3</a> page 430</span></li><li id="cite_note-Whealey2003-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Whealey2003_63-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAlice_Whealey2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Alice Whealey (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZUlAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Josephus on Jesus: the testimonium Flavianum controversy from late antiquity to modern times</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5241-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-5241-8"><bdi>978-0-8204-5241-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus+on+Jesus%3A+the+testimonium+Flavianum+controversy+from+late+antiquity+to+modern+times&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-5241-8&rft.au=Alice+Whealey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZUlAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, 1990 (especially note 15)</span></li><li id="cite_note-Paget2001-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Paget2001_65-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPaget2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Paget, J. C. (2001). "Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 539–624. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F52.2.539" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/jts/52.2.539</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+Josephus+and+Christianity&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=539-624&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F52.2.539&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091–92-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091%E2%80%9392_66-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 91–92.</span></li><li id="cite_note-GGoldberg-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-GGoldberg_67-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg, G. J. 1995 "The Coincidences of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmaus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a> Narrative of Luke and the Testimonium of Josephus" <i>The Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</i> 13, pp. 59–77 <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.josephus.org/GoldbergJosephusLuke1995.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091_68-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200091_68-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 91.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340_69-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBaras1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Baras 1987</a>, p. 340.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Mason231-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Mason231_70-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Josephus and the New Testament</i> by Steve Mason 2003 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-795-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-795-X">1-56563-795-X</a> page 231</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizugaki1987_71-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMizugaki1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Mizugaki 1987</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-JContext91-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-JContext91_72-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in his Jewish context</i> by Géza Vermès 2003 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02915-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02915-5">0-334-02915-5</a>pages 91-2</span></li><li id="cite_note-Rothchild274-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Rothchild274_73-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Rothchild274_73-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Echo of a whisper" by Clare Rothchild in <i>Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity</i> by David Hellholm 2010 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-024751-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-024751-8">3-11-024751-8</a> page 274</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198757_74-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, p. 57.</span></li><li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeier1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meier, John P. (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person</i></a>. Doubleday. pp. 71–85. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pages=71-85&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEhrman2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012-03-20). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</i></a>. Harper Collins. pp. 64, 350. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-208994-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-208994-6"><bdi>978-0-06-208994-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pages=64%2C+350&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-06-208994-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhf5Rj8EtsPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish historiography and iconography in early and Medieval Christianity</i>by Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991 page 39</span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a>, <i>Bibliotheca</i>, Chapter 33</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200088-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200088_79-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 88.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200090-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200090_80-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 90.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Setzer106-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Setzer106_81-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Setzer106_81-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Setzer106_81-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish responses to early Christians</i> by Claudia Setzer 1994 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X">0-8006-2680-X</a> pages 106-7</span></li><li id="cite_note-Is_Not_Carpenter-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Is_Not_Carpenter_82-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLester_Grabbe2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lester Grabbe (2013). "3. Jesus Who is Called the Christ: References to Jesus Outside Christian Sources". In Verenna, Thomas S.; Thompson, Thomas L. (eds.). <i>"Is This Not The Carpenter?" : The Question of The Historicity of the Figure of Jesus</i>. pp. 61–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844657292" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781844657292"><bdi>9781844657292</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Jesus+Who+is+Called+the+Christ%3A+References+to+Jesus+Outside+Christian+Sources&rft.btitle=%22Is+This+Not+The+Carpenter%3F%22+%3A+The+Question+of+The+Historicity+of+the+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=61-7&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781844657292&rft.au=Lester+Grabbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340–341-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341_83-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341_83-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987340%E2%80%93341_83-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBaras1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Baras 1987</a>, pp. 340–341.</span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeier1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meier, John P. (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Marginal Jew: The roots of the problem and the person</i></a>. Doubleday. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMason2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mason, Steve (2011). <i>Josephus and the New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). Baker Academic. pp. 232–3. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801047008" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780801047008"><bdi>9780801047008</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=232-3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780801047008&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187–198-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187%E2%80%93198_86-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans1998187%E2%80%93198_86-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Chilton & Evans 1998</a>, pp. 187–198.</span></li><li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Changing Faces of Jesus</i> by Geza Vermaes 2001 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-89451-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-89451-6">0-670-89451-6</a>page 276</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003509_88-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2003</a>, p. 509.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Blomberg434-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Blomberg434_89-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Blomberg434_89-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i> by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> pages 434–435</span></li><li id="cite_note-JBGreen89-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-JBGreen89_90-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_B._Green" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joel B. Green">Joel B. Green</a> "Crucifixion" in the <i>Cambridge Companion to Jesus</i>edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4">0-521-79678-4</a>, page 89.</span></li><li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEhrman2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ehrman, Bart D. (March 10, 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/do-any-ancient-jewish-sources-mention-jesus-weekly-mailbag/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Do Any Ancient Jewish Sources Mention Jesus? Weekly Mailbag"</a>. <i>The Bart Ehrman Blog</i>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">If this is something Josephus wrote, as most scholars continue to think, then it indicates that Jesus was a wise man and a teacher who performed startling deeds and as a consequence found a following among both Jews and Greeks; it states that he was accused by Jewish leaders before Pilate, who condemned him to be crucified; and it points out that his followers remained devoted to him even afterward (Ant. 18.3.3).</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Do+Any+Ancient+Jewish+Sources+Mention+Jesus%3F+Weekly+Mailbag&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fdo-any-ancient-jewish-sources-mention-jesus-weekly-mailbag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-92" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://standpointmag.co.uk/jesus-in-the-eyes-of-josephus-features-jan-10-geza-vermes/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Jesus in the Eyes of Josephus"</a>. <i>Standpoint</i>. 2009-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standpoint&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+the+Eyes+of+Josephus&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fjesus-in-the-eyes-of-josephus-features-jan-10-geza-vermes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-feldman-2012-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-feldman-2012_93-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFFeldman2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a> (2012). "On the Authenticity of the Testimonium Flavianum Attributed to Josephus". In Carlebach, Elisheva; Schacter, Jacob J. (eds.). <i>On the Authenticity of the </i>Testimonium Flavianum<i> Attributed to Josephus</i>. <i>New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations</i>. The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. Vol. 33. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–30. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004221185_003" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/9789004221185_003</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22118-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22118-5"><bdi>978-90-04-22118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Authenticity+of+the+Testimonium+Flavianum+Attributed+to+Josephus&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=The+Brill+Reference+Library+of+Judaism&rft.pages=11-30&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004221185_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22118-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPaget2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Paget, James Carleton (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFLJ682D9QUC&q=Jews,+Christians+and+Jewish+Christians+in+Antiquity" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 602. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150312-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150312-2"><bdi>978-3-16-150312-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Christians+and+Jewish+Christians+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150312-2&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=James+Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFLJ682D9QUC%26q%3DJews%2C%2BChristians%2Band%2BJewish%2BChristians%2Bin%2BAntiquity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Carleton Paget, “Some Observations on Josephus and Christianity,” Journal of Theological Studies 52, no. 2 (2001): 539–624</span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Whealey, “Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the Testimonium Flavianum,” in Josephus und das Neue Testament, ed. Christfried Böttrich and Jens Herzer (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007), 73–116.</span></li><li id="cite_note-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-97" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVoorst2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Voorst, Robert Van (2000-04-13). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.aulast=Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-98" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://standpointmag.co.uk/jesus-in-the-eyes-of-josephus-features-jan-10-geza-vermes/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Jesus in the Eyes of Josephus"</a>. <i>Standpoint</i>. 2009-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standpoint&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+the+Eyes+of+Josephus&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandpointmag.co.uk%2Fjesus-in-the-eyes-of-josephus-features-jan-10-geza-vermes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-hopper-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-hopper_99-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFHopper2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Hopper" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul J. Hopper">Hopper, Paul J.</a> (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37321029" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Narrative Anomaly in Josephus: Jewish Antiquities xviii:63"</a>. In Fludernik, Monika; Jacob, Daniel (eds.). <i>Linguistics and Literary Studies: Interfaces, Encounters, Transfers</i>. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 147–71. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030756-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030756-6"><bdi>978-3-11-030756-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Narrative+Anomaly+in+Josephus%3A+Jewish+Antiquities+xviii%3A63&rft.btitle=Linguistics+and+Literary+Studies%3A+Interfaces%2C+Encounters%2C+Transfers&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=147-71&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-030756-6&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37321029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Wells49-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Wells49_100-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Wells49_100-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Wells49_100-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jesus Legend</i> by George Albert Wells and R. Joseph Hoffman 1996 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9334-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9334-5">0-8126-9334-5</a> pages 49–56</span></li><li id="cite_note-MeierJSTOR-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-MeierJSTOR_101-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMeier1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meier, John P. (1992). "John the Baptist in Josephus: philology and exegesis". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>111</b> (2): 225–37. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267541" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/3267541</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267541" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3267541</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=John+the+Baptist+in+Josephus%3A+philology+and+exegesis&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-37&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-102" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus: <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a>, based on the translation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a>, The Loeb Classical Library.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_103-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_103-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFHarding2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Harding 2003</a>, p. 317.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-104" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141_104-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141_104-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141_104-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141_104-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134%E2%80%93141_104-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 134–141.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670-105" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670_105-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Freedman, Myers & Beck 2000</a>, p. 670.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale20032–3-106" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale20032%E2%80%933_106-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFNeale2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Neale 2003</a>, pp. 2–3.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-107" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_107-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_107-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMitchellYoung2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Mitchell & Young 2006</a>, p. 297.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-108" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_108-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_108-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2004" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2004</a>, p. 126.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199–203-109" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199%E2%80%93203_109-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBauckham1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bauckham 1999</a>, pp. 199–203.</span></li><li id="cite_note-BauckhamA-110" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-BauckhamA_110-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> states that although a few scholars have questioned this passage, "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBauckham1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bauckham 1999</a>, pp. 199–203).</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas199633–37-111" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas199633%E2%80%9337_111-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFHabermas1996" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Habermas 1996</a>, pp. 33–37.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005205-112" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005205_112-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, p. 205.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132–137-113" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132%E2%80%93137_113-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005132%E2%80%93137_113-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 132–137.</span></li><li id="cite_note-114" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-114" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, Book III</a>, ch. 11.</span></li><li id="cite_note-115" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-115" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eddy, Paul R. and Boyd, Gregory A. (2007) The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic, pg 189</span></li><li id="cite_note-116" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-116" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a>, Gōhei Hata 1997 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8">90-04-08554-8</a> pages 55-7</span></li><li id="cite_note-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56-117" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56_117-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman,_Louis_H._page_56_117-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei. <i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i>. BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8">90-04-08554-8</a>. page 56</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756-118" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198756_118-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, p. 56.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaras1987341-119" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaras1987341_119-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBaras1987" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Baras 1987</a>, p. 341.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083–84-120" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083%E2%80%9384_120-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083%E2%80%9384_120-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 83–84.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bauckham-121" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Bauckham_121-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> "FOR WHAT OFFENSE WAS JAMES PUT TO DEATH?" in <i>James the Just and Christian origins</i> by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1999 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1">90-04-11550-1</a> pages 199–203</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bauckham231-122" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Bauckham231_122-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> "FOR WHAT OFFENSE WAS JAMES PUT TO DEATH?" in <i>James the Just and Christian origins</i> by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1999 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1">90-04-11550-1</a> page 231</span></li><li id="cite_note-Setzer108-123" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Setzer108_123-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Setzer108_123-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jewish responses to early Christians</i> by Claudia Setzer 1994 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2680-X">0-8006-2680-X</a> pages 108-9</span></li><li id="cite_note-124" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-124" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Early Christian Church: Volume 1, The First Christian Church</i> by Philip Carrington 2011 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-16641-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-16641-1">0-521-16641-1</a> Cambridge University Press, pages 187-9.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128–130-125" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130_125-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130_125-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130_125-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007128%E2%80%93130_125-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, pp. 128–130.</span></li><li id="cite_note-126" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-126" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D</i> by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1979 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</a> page 692</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005221–222-127" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005221%E2%80%93222_127-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 221–222.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–145-128" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145_128-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145_128-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%93145_128-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 143–145.</span></li><li id="cite_note-129" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-129" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bible Exposition Commentary: New Testament</i> by Warren W. Wiersbe 2003 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56476-031-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-56476-031-6">1-56476-031-6</a> page 334</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189-130" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189_130-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007189_130-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 189.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143–5-131" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005143%E2%80%935_131-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 143–5.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104–05-132" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009104%E2%80%9305_132-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Kostenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 104–05.</span></li><li id="cite_note-133" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-133" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermes, Geza (2011). <i>Jesus in the Jewish World</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-04379-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-04379-4">0-334-04379-4</a>page 40</span></li><li id="cite_note-Wells545-134" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Wells545_134-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jesus Legend</i> by G. A. Wells 1996 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9334-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9334-5">0-8126-9334-5</a> pages 54-5</span></li><li id="cite_note-135" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-135" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus: <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, 5, 2</a> Text at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200655–58-136" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200655%E2%80%9358_136-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2006" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2006</a>, pp. 55–58.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694–695-137" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694%E2%80%93695_137-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1982694%E2%80%93695_137-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBromiley1982" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bromiley 1982</a>, pp. 694–695.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201048-138" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201048_138-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201048_138-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFWhite2010" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">White 2010</a>, p. 48.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDapaah200548-139" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDapaah200548_139-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFDapaah2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Dapaah 2005</a>, p. 48.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983125–127-140" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983125%E2%80%93127_140-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFHoehner1983" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Hoehner 1983</a>, pp. 125–127.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662–63-141" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999662%E2%80%9363_141-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Flavius Josephus, Whiston & Maier 1999</a>, pp. 662–63.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1992990–991-142" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1992990%E2%80%93991_142-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldman1992" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman 1992</a>, pp. 990–991.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild2011257–258-143" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothschild2011257%E2%80%93258_143-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFRothschild2011" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Rothschild 2011</a>, pp. 257–258.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy20032003-144" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy20032003_144-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMurphy2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Murphy 2003</a>, p. 2003.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonasLopez201095–96-145" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonasLopez201095%E2%80%9396_145-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFJonasLopez2010" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Jonas & Lopez 2010</a>, pp. 95–96.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Feldman1984-146" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman1984_146-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Feldman1984_146-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLouis_H._Feldman1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Louis H. Feldman (1 January 1984). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIUDDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA677" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937–1980)</i></a>. De Gruyter. p. 677. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084158-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-084158-9"><bdi>978-3-11-084158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus+and+Modern+Scholarship+%281937%E2%80%931980%29&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-084158-9&rft.au=Louis+H.+Feldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIUDDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Louis_H_pages_330-1-147" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Louis_H_pages_330-1_147-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Judaism and Hellenism reconsidered</i> by Louis H. Feldman 2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14906-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14906-6">90-04-14906-6</a> pages 330-1</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377-148" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003377_148-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFDunn2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 377.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2003508-149" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeggitt2003508_149-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMeggitt2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Meggitt 2003</a>, p. 508.</span></li><li id="cite_note-150" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-150" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. E. Nunnally "Deeds of Kindness" in <i>The Wiley–Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice</i> by Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess 2012 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-9547-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-9547-9">1-4051-9547-9</a> page 303</span></li><li id="cite_note-nir-151" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-nir_151-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNir2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nir, Rivka (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F174551911X618885" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Josephus' Account of John the Baptist: A Christian Interpolation?"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. Brill. <b>10</b> (1): 32–62. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F174551911X618885" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/174551911X618885</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Josephus%27+Account+of+John+the+Baptist%3A+A+Christian+Interpolation%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-62&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F174551911X618885&rft.aulast=Nir&rft.aufirst=Rivka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F174551911X618885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-152" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-152" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothschild, Claire (2011). ""Echo of a Whisper": The Uncertain Authenticity of Josephus' Witness to John the Baptist". In Hellholm, David; Vegge, Tor; Norderval, Øyvind et al. Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity. Walter de Gruyter. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024751-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024751-0">978-3-11-024751-0</a>page 271</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003508–509-153" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst2003508%E2%80%93509_153-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2003</a>, pp. 508–509.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyersCravenKraemer200192–93-154" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyersCravenKraemer200192%E2%80%9393_154-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFMeyersCravenKraemer2001" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Meyers, Craven & Kraemer 2001</a>, pp. 92–93.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201042–43-155" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen201042%E2%80%9343_155-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFJensen2010" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Jensen 2010</a>, pp. 42–43.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Cyndy48-156" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Cyndy48_156-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Cyndy48_156-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Emergence of Christianity: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective</i> by Cynthia White 2010 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2">0-8006-9747-2</a> page 48</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillman200325–31-157" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331_157-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331_157-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillman200325%E2%80%9331_157-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFGillman2003" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Gillman 2003</a>, pp. 25–31.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842-158" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842_158-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000842_158-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Freedman, Myers & Beck 2000</a>, p. 842.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblet200515–17-159" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnoblet200515%E2%80%9317_159-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFKnoblet2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Knoblet 2005</a>, pp. 15–17.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983131-160" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoehner1983131_160-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFHoehner1983" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Hoehner 1983</a>, p. 131.</span></li><li id="cite_note-161" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-161" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Josephus and Modern Scholarship</i> by Louis H. Feldman 1984, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-008138-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-008138-5">3-11-008138-5</a> page 675</span></li><li id="cite_note-162" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-162" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth</i> by Daniel S. Dapaah 2005 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6">0-7618-3109-6</a> page 48</span></li><li id="cite_note-Hoehner125-163" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Hoehner125_163-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Herod Antipas</i> by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5">0-310-42251-5</a> pages 125-7</span></li><li id="cite_note-Thoma-164" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Thoma_164-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Thoma_164-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The High Priesthood in the Judgement of Josephus" by Clemens Thoma, in <i>Josephus, the Bible and History</i> by Louis Feldman and Gohei Hata 1977 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08931-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08931-4">90-04-08931-4</a> pages 212-3</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157-165" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157_165-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005157_165-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPainter2005" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Painter 2005</a>, p. 157.</span></li></ol></div></div><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="color: #202122; column-width: 30em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBaras1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baras, Zvi (1987). "The <i>Testimonium Flavianum</i> and the Martyrdom of James". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei (eds.). <i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i>. BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8"><bdi>90-04-08554-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Testimonium+Flavianum+and+the+Martyrdom+of+James&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08554-8&rft.aulast=Baras&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBartlett1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bartlett, John R. (1985). <i>Jews in the Hellenistic World: Volume 1, Part 1</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28551-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28551-8"><bdi>0-521-28551-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Hellenistic+World%3A+Volume+1%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-28551-8&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBauckham1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (1999). "For What Offense was James put to Death?". In Chilton, Bruce; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SHbjAKaBy0C" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>James the Just and Christian origins</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 199–232. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11550-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11550-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11550-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+What+Offense+was+James+put+to+Death%3F&rft.btitle=James+the+Just+and+Christian+origins&rft.pages=199-232&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11550-7&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SHbjAKaBy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBowman2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_B._Bowman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steven B. Bowman">Bowman, Steven B.</a> (2011). "Jewish Responses to Byzantine Polemics from the Ninth through the Eleventh Centuries". In Garber, Zev (ed.). <i>The Jewish Jesus: Revelation, Reflection, Reclamation</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-579-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-579-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Responses+to+Byzantine+Polemics+from+the+Ninth+through+the+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Jesus%3A+Revelation%2C+Reflection%2C+Reclamation&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-579-5&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBowman1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_B._Bowman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steven B. Bowman">Bowman, Steven B.</a> (1987). "Josephus in Byzantium". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei (eds.). <i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i>. BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08554-8"><bdi>90-04-08554-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus+in+Byzantium&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08554-8&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). <i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBromiley1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1982). <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4"><bdi>0-8028-3782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+E%E2%80%93J&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8028-3782-4&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCarrier2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Carrier, Richard (2012). "Origen, Eusebius, and the Accidental Interpolation in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 20.200". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i>. <b>20</b>(4): 489–514. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2012.0029" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1353/earl.2012.0029</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171032541" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">171032541</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Origen%2C+Eusebius%2C+and+the+Accidental+Interpolation+in+Josephus%2C+Jewish+Antiquities+20.200&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=489-514&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2012.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171032541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chilton, Bruce; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (1998). <i>Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5"><bdi>90-04-11142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11142-5&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCreed1932" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Creed, John Martin (Oct 1932). "The Slavonic Version of Josephus' History of the Jewish War". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 277–319. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000021301" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0017816000021301</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162926700" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">162926700</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Slavonic+Version+of+Josephus%27+History+of+the+Jewish+War&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=277-319&rft.date=1932-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000021301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162926700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creed&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDapaah2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dapaah, Daniel S. (2005). <i>The relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6"><bdi>0-7618-3109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+relationship+between+John+the+Baptist+and+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7618-3109-6&rft.aulast=Dapaah&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDavies2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Davies, William David, ed. (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&q=Bibliographical+and+lexical+aids+to+the+study+of+Josephus" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 3: The Early Roman Period</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24377-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24377-7"><bdi>0-521-24377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%2C+Vol.+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+Period&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-24377-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA-4VX5gWS4C%26q%3DBibliographical%2Band%2Blexical%2Baids%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bstudy%2Bof%2BJosephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunn2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James</a> (2003). <i>Jesus remembered</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+remembered&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li></ul><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEisenman1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Eisenman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert H. Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert H.</a> (1997). <i>James the Brother of Jesus</i>. Viking. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5"><bdi>0-670-86932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+the+Brother+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-86932-5&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEvans2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (2006). "Josephus on John the Baptist". In Levine, Amy-Jill; et al. (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Context</i>. Princeton Univ Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus+on+John+the+Baptist&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEvans2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (2001). <i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5"><bdi>0-391-04118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Contemporaries%3A+Comparative+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-391-04118-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldman2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a> (2006). <i>Judaism and Hellenism reconsidered</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14906-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14906-6"><bdi>90-04-14906-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism+reconsidered&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14906-6&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldman1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a> (1992). "Josephus". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). <i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. Vol. 3. pp. 990–1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus&rft.btitle=Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=990-1&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldmanHata1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei (1989). <i>Josephus, the Bible, and history</i>. BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08931-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08931-0"><bdi>978-90-04-08931-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+Bible%2C+and+history&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08931-0&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rft.au=Hata%2C+G%C5%8Dhei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3KwlJSQr4cC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. BRILL. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08554-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08554-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3KwlJSQr4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldman1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a> (1984). "Flavius Josephus Revisited: The Man, his Writings and his Significance". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2</i>. pp. 763–71. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-009522-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-009522-X"><bdi>3-11-009522-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavius+Josephus+Revisited%3A+The+Man%2C+his+Writings+and+his+Significance&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=763-71&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-11-009522-X&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFlavius_JosephusLeemingOsinkinaLeeming2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>; Leeming, Henry; Osinkina, Lyubov V.; Leeming, Katherine (2003). <i>Josephus' Jewish War and Its Slavonic Version: A Synoptic Comparison of the English Translation by H. St. Thackeray with the Critical Edition by N.A. Meščerskij of the Slavonic Version in the Vilna Manuscript Translated into English by H. Leeming and L. Osinkina</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11438-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11438-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11438-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%27+Jewish+War+and+Its+Slavonic+Version%3A+A+Synoptic+Comparison+of+the+English+Translation+by+H.+St.+Thackeray+with+the+Critical+Edition+by+N.A.+Me%C5%A1%C4%8Derskij+of+the+Slavonic+Version+in+the+Vilna+Manuscript+Translated+into+English+by+H.+Leeming+and+L.+Osinkina.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11438-8&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft.au=Leeming%2C+Henry&rft.au=Osinkina%2C+Lyubov+V.&rft.au=Leeming%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFlavius_JosephusWhistonMaier1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>; Whiston, William; Maier, Paul L. (May 1999). <i>The New Complete Works of Josephus</i>. Kregel Academic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2948-X" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2948-X"><bdi>0-8254-2948-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Complete+Works+of+Josephus&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=1999-05&rft.isbn=0-8254-2948-X&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft.au=Whiston%2C+William&rft.au=Maier%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). <i>Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war</i>. Kregel Academic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-3260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+essential+works%3A+a+condensation+of+Jewish+antiquities+and+The+Jewish+war&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=1995-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3260-6&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft.au=Maier%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B., eds. (2000). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5"><bdi>90-5356-503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-5356-503-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGillman2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). <i>Herodias: at home in that fox's den</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5108-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5108-9"><bdi>0-8146-5108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodias%3A+at+home+in+that+fox%27s+den&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8146-5108-9&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Florence+Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHabermas1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Habermas, Gary R. (1996). <i>The Historical Jesus</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89900-732-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-89900-732-5"><bdi>0-89900-732-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89900-732-5&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHarding2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harding, Mark (2003). <i>Early Christian Life and Thought in Social Context</i>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5604-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5604-9"><bdi>0-8264-5604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Life+and+Thought+in+Social+Context&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-5604-9&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHoehner1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hoehner, Harold W. (1983). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herodantipas00hoeh" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Herod Antipas</i></a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5"><bdi>0-310-42251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+Antipas&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-310-42251-5&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherodantipas00hoeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJensen2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jensen, Morten H. (2010). <i>Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150362-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150362-7"><bdi>978-3-16-150362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+Antipas+in+Galilee%3A+The+Literary+and+Archaeological+Sources&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150362-7&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Morten+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJonasLopez2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jonas, Glenn; Lopez, Kathryn Muller (2010). <i>Christianity: A Biblical, Historical, and Theological Guide</i>. Mercer University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-204-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-204-3"><bdi>978-0-88146-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Theological+Guide&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-204-3&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Kathryn+Muller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKnoblet2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Knoblet, Jerry (2005). <i>Herod the Great</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3087-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3087-1"><bdi>0-7618-3087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+the+Great&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7618-3087-1&rft.aulast=Knoblet&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKostenbergerKellumQuarles2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). <i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=Kostenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+L.+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLouth1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Louth, Andrew (1990). "The Date of Eusebius' " Historia Ecclesiastica"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>". <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 111–23. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F41.1.111" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/jts/41.1.111</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Eusebius%27+%22+Historia+Ecclesiastica%22&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-23&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F41.1.111&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMaier2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Maier, Paul L.</a> (2007). <i>Eusebius: The Church History</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3307-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3307-8"><bdi>978-0-8254-3307-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius%3A+The+Church+History&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3307-8&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMason2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mason, Steve, ed. (2001). <i>Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 9, Life of Josephus, Translation and Commentary by Steve Mason</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11793-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11793-8"><bdi>90-04-11793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus%3A+Translation+and+Commentary%2C+Volume+9%2C+Life+of+Josephus%2C+Translation+and+Commentary+by+Steve+Mason&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-11793-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcGiffert2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McGiffert, Arthur Cushman (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xi.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Paragraph 7 of "Chapter XI.—Testimonies in Regard to John the Baptist and Christ" from Book I of Eusebius' "The Church History."<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18ikU69I-TwC&q=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers:+Second+Series+Volume+I" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. 1</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-508-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-508-6"><bdi>978-1-60206-508-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paragraph+7+of+%22Chapter+XI.%E2%80%94Testimonies+in+Regard+to+John+the+Baptist+and+Christ%22+from+Book+I+of+Eusebius%27+%22The+Church+History.%22&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Series+II%2C+Vol.+1&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-508-6&rft.aulast=McGiffert&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Cushman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf201.iii.vi.xi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeggitt2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meggitt, Justin (2003). "John the Baptist". In Houlden, James Leslie (ed.). <i>Jesus in history, thought, and culture: an encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6"><bdi>1-57607-856-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+the+Baptist&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+history%2C+thought%2C+and+culture%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-856-6&rft.aulast=Meggitt&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeyersCravenKraemer2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meyers, Carol; Craven, Toni; Kraemer, Ross Shepard (2001). <i>Women in scripture</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4962-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4962-8"><bdi>0-8028-4962-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+scripture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8028-4962-8&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Craven%2C+Toni&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+Ross+Shepard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMitchellYoung2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (2006). <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81239-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81239-9"><bdi>0-521-81239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+1%3A+Origins+to+Constantine&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-81239-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+Frances+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMizugaki1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mizugaki, Wataru (1987). "Origen and Josephus". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei (eds.). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3KwlJSQr4cC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 325–35. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08554-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origen+and+Josephus&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=325-35&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08554-1&rft.aulast=Mizugaki&rft.aufirst=Wataru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3KwlJSQr4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMurphy2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Murphy, Catherine M. (2003). <i>John the Baptist: prophet of purity for a new age</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5933-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5933-0"><bdi>0-8146-5933-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+the+Baptist%3A+prophet+of+purity+for+a+new+age&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8146-5933-0&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeale2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Neale, John Mason (2003). <i>A History of the Holy Eastern Church</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-045-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-045-6"><bdi>1-59333-045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Holy+Eastern+Church&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59333-045-6&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=John+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFOlson1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Olson, K. A. (1999). "Eusebius and the Testimonium Flavianum". <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 305.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+the+Testimonium+Flavianum&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPainter2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Painter (theologian)">Painter, John</a> (2005). <i>Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04191-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04191-3"><bdi>0-567-04191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+James%3A+The+Brother+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-567-04191-3&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPainter2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Painter (theologian)">Painter, John</a> (2004). "Who was James?". 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Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Arabic+version+of+the+Testimonium+Flavianum+and+its+implications&rft.pub=Israel+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRothschild2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rothschild, Claire (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>"Echo of a Whisper": The Uncertain Authenticity of Josephus' Witness to John the Baptist". In Hellholm, David; Vegge, Tor; Norderval, Øyvind; et al. (eds.). <i>Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024751-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024751-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Echo+of+a+Whisper%22%3A+The+Uncertain+Authenticity+of+Josephus%27+Witness+to+John+the+Baptist&rft.btitle=Ablution%2C+Initiation%2C+and+Baptism%3A+Late+Antiquity%2C+Early+Judaism%2C+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024751-0&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchreckenbergSchubert1992a" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schreckenberg, Heinz; Schubert, Kurt (1992a). <i>Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature</i>. Vol. 2. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-232-2653-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-232-2653-4"><bdi>90-232-2653-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Traditions+in+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-232-2653-4&rft.aulast=Schreckenberg&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchreckenbergSchubert1992b" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schreckenberg, Heinz; Schubert, Kurt (1992b). <i>Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity</i>. 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(2000). <i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9"><bdi>0-8028-4368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-4368-9&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert</a> (2003). "Josephus". In Houlden, James Leslie (ed.). <i>Jesus in history, thought, and culture: an encyclopedia</i>. 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S. (2011). "Eusebius of Caesarea and the Testimonium Flavianum (Josephus, Antiquities, XVIII. 63f.)". <i>The Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 353. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046900049435" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0022046900049435</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163661254" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">163661254</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea+and+the+Testimonium+Flavianum+%28Josephus%2C+Antiquities%2C+XVIII.+63f.%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046900049435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163661254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWansbrough2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wansbrough, Henry (2004). <i>Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9"><bdi>0-567-04090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+oral+Gospel+tradition&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-567-04090-9&rft.aulast=Wansbrough&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWells1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Albert Wells">Wells, George Albert</a> (1986). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_Jesus_Exist%3F_(Wells)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Did Jesus Exist? (Wells)"><i>Did Jesus Exist?</i></a>. Pemberton Publishing Co.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F&rft.pub=Pemberton+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=George+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWhealey2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Whealey, Alice (2003). <i>Josephus on Jesus, The Testimonium Flavianum Controversy from Late Antiquity to Modern Times</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-820-45241-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-820-45241-6"><bdi>0-820-45241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus+on+Jesus%2C+The+Testimonium+Flavianum+Controversy+from+Late+Antiquity+to+Modern+Times&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-820-45241-6&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWhealey2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Whealey, Alice (2008). "The Testimonium Flavianum in Syriac and Arabic". <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 573–90. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688508000301" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0028688508000301</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38811104" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">38811104</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Testimonium+Flavianum+in+Syriac+and+Arabic&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=573-90&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688508000301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38811104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWhite2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">White, Cynthia (2010). <i>The Emergence of Christianity: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9747-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9747-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-9747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Christianity%3A+Classical+Traditions+in+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9747-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -3.2em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFZeitlin1948" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Zeitlin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solomon Zeitlin">Zeitlin, Solomon</a> (October 1948). "The Hoax of the 'Slavonic Josephus'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. New Series. <b>39</b> (2): 172–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1452821" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/1452821</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452821" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1452821</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hoax+of+the+%27Slavonic+Josephus%27&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-7&rft.date=1948-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1452821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1452821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=55" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #202122; display: flow-root; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="38" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></b></div></div></div></div><ul style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMarks2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marks, Frederick W. (April 2006). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323013608/http://www.newoxfordreview.org/article.jsp?did=0406-marks" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Jewish Light on the Risen Lord"</a>. New Oxford Review. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.newoxfordreview.org/article.jsp?did=0406-marks" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2016-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2006-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Light+on+the+Risen+Lord&rft.pub=New+Oxford+Review&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newoxfordreview.org%2Farticle.jsp%3Fdid%3D0406-marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVermes2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vermes, Geza (Jan 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110714/http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/node/2507/full" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Jesus in the eyes of Josephus"</a>. <i>Stand Point</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/node/2507/full" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2016-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-02-05</span></span>.</cite></li></ul><div style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center;">---------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Related article:</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2015/02/did-tacitus-provide-non-christian.html">DID Tacitus provide a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus?</a></span></div><div style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></div></div><div style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></div></div></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-15551727812293942632023-03-15T04:20:00.002-07:002023-03-15T04:25:12.879-07:00Tacitus on Jesus.<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(162, 169, 177) 0px 1px; color: #202122; display: flex; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; justify-content: flex-end;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacitus on Jesus</span></h1><div class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" id="p-lang-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex-shrink: 0; float: right; height: 2em; margin-right: -12px; margin-top: 2px; position: relative;"><input aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a>, 1861. According to Tacitus, Nero targeted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a> as those responsible for the fire.</div></div></div><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; 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font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="true" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; 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margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Christology">Christian</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Jewish</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Scientology" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus in Scientology">Scientology</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.1em 0.8em 0.3em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="215" data-file-width="206" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jesus&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_historiography" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman historiography">Roman historian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> referred to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his execution</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, and the existence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early centers of Christianity">early Christians in Rome</a> in his final work, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> (written <i>ca.</i> AD 116), <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">book 15, chapter 44</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The context of the passage is the six-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> that burned much of the city in AD 64 during the reign of Roman Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dando1_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Dando1-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The passage is one of the earliest non-Christian references to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity#Early_Christianity_(c._31/33%E2%80%93324)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of Christianity">origins of Christianity</a>, the execution of Christ described in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_gospels" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, and the presence and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a> in 1st-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The scholarly consensus is that Tacitus' reference to the execution of Jesus by Pontius Pilate is both authentic, and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Bible'_page_343-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Paul Eddy and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Gregory Boyd</a> argue that it is "firmly established" that Tacitus provides a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Scholars view it as establishing three separate facts about Rome around AD 60: (i) that there were a sizable number of Christians in Rome at the time, (ii) that it was possible to distinguish between Christians and Jews in Rome, and (iii) that at the time <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion in ancient Rome">pagans</a> made a connection between Christianity in Rome and its origin in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200956_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200956-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AntiochRome_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-AntiochRome-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_passage_and_its_context">The passage and its context</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The passage and its context">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MII.png" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3373" data-file-width="2600" decoding="async" height="234" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/180px-MII.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/270px-MII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/360px-MII.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MII.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A copy of the second Medicean manuscript of <i>Annals</i>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Book 15, chapter 44</a>, the page with the reference to Christians</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_1.JPG" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3436" data-file-width="2577" decoding="async" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/150px-Nero_1.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/225px-Nero_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nero_1.JPG/300px-Nero_1.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nero_1.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bust of Nero at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musei_Capitolini" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Musei Capitolini">Musei Capitolini</a>, Rome</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> passage (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">15.44</a>), which has been subjected to much scholarly analysis, follows a description of the six-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> that burned much of Rome in July 64 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> The key part of the passage <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">reads as follows</a> (translation from Latin by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred John Church">A. J. Church</a> and W. J. Brodribb, 1876):</p><table class="verse_translation wrap_when_small" role="presentation" style="font-size: 14px; margin-left: 1em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td><div class="poem" lang="" style="font-style: italic;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Sed non ope humana, non largitionibus principis aut deum placamentis decedebat infamia, quin iussum incendium crederetur. ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos et quaesitissimis poenis adfecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Chrestianos appellabat. auctor nominis eius Christus Tibero imperitante per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat; repressaque in praesens exitiabilis superstitio rursum erumpebat, non modo per Iudaeam, originem eius mali, sed per urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique atrocia aut pudenda confluunt celebranturque. igitur primum correpti qui fatebantur, deinde indicio eorum multitudo ingens haud proinde in crimine incendii quam odio humani generis convicti sunt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p></div></td><td class="translated" style="padding-left: 2em;"><div class="poem"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">But all human efforts, all the lavish gifts of the emperor, and the propitiations of the gods, did not banish the sinister belief that the conflagration was the result of an order. Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judæa, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Tacitus then describes the torture of Christians:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The exact cause of the fire remains uncertain, but much of the population of Rome suspected that <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Nero" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor Nero">Emperor Nero</a> had started the fire himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> To divert attention from himself, Nero accused the Christians of starting the fire and persecuted them, making this the first documented confrontation between Christians and the authorities in Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Tacitus suggested that Nero used the Christians as scapegoats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">No original manuscripts of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> exist and the surviving copies of Tacitus' works derive from two principal manuscripts, known as the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicean" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medicean">Medicean</a> manuscripts</i>, written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which are held in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Library" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pitman4_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Pitman4-14" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> It is the <i>second Medicean manuscript</i>, 11th century and from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine</a> abbey at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, which is the oldest surviving copy of the passage describing Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Francis96_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Francis96-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Scholars generally agree that these copies were written at Monte Cassino and the end of the document refers to <i>Abbas Raynaldus cu...</i> who was most probably one of the two abbots of that name at the abbey during that period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Francis96_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Francis96-15" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Specific_references">Specific references</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Specific references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Christians_and_Chrestians">Christians and Chrestians</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Christians and Chrestians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highlight_of_MII.png" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="129" data-file-width="404" decoding="async" height="57" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Highlight_of_MII.png/180px-Highlight_of_MII.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Highlight_of_MII.png/270px-Highlight_of_MII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Highlight_of_MII.png/360px-Highlight_of_MII.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highlight_of_MII.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Detail of the 11th-century copy of Annals; the gap between the 'i' and 's' is highlighted in the word 'Christianos'</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The passage states:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">... called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin ...</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1902 Georg Andresen commented on the appearance of the first 'i' and subsequent gap in the earliest extant, 11th century, copy of the <i>Annals</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florence">Florence</a>, suggesting that the text had been altered, and an 'e' had originally been in the text, rather than this 'i'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> "With ultra-violet examination of the MS the alteration was conclusively shown. It is impossible today to say who altered the letter <i>e</i> into an <i>i</i>. In Suetonius' <i>Nero 16.2</i>, '<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">christiani</span></span>', however, seems to be the original reading".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Since the alteration became known it has given rise to debates among scholars as to whether Tacitus deliberately used the term "Chrestians", or if a scribe made an error during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> It has been stated that both the terms Christians and Chrestians had at times been used by the general population in Rome to refer to early Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lampe12_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Lampe12-20" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> states that many sources indicate that the term Chrestians was also used among the early followers of Jesus by the second century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> The term Christians appears only three times in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the first usage (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#11:26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 11:26</a>) giving the origin of the term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> In all three cases the uncorrected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> in Greek reads <i>Chrestianoi</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> a number of funerary stone inscriptions use the term Chrestians, with one stone inscription using both terms together, reading: "<i>Chrestians for Christians</i>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35-21" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> argued that Chrestians was the original wording, and that Tacitus deliberately used <i>Christus</i> immediately after it to show his own superior knowledge compared to the population at large.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Robert Renehan has stated that it was natural for a Roman to mix the two words that sounded the same, that Chrestianos was the original word in the Annals and not an error by a scribe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Robert_Renehan_1968_pp._368-370_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Robert_Renehan_1968_pp._368-370-22" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Van Voorst has stated that it was unlikely for Tacitus himself to refer to Christians as Chrestianos i.e. "useful ones" given that he also referred to them as "hated for their shameful acts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48-18" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Eddy and Boyd see no major impact on the authenticity of the passage or its meaning regardless of the use of either term by Tacitus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_rank_of_Pilate">The rank of Pilate</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The rank of Pilate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilate_Inscription.JPG" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1704" data-file-width="2272" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/220px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/330px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pilate_Inscription.JPG/440px-Pilate_Inscription.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilate_Inscription.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate_Stone" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilate Stone">Pilate Stone</a>, now at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Museum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pilate's rank while he was governor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> appeared in a Latin inscription on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate_Stone" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilate Stone">Pilate Stone</a> which called him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefect">prefect</a>, while this Tacitean passage calls him a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurator</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> refers to Pilate with the generic Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡγεμών</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hēgemṓn</i></span>), or governor. Tacitus records that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> was the ruler who gave procurators governing power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a>'s death in AD 44, when Judea reverted to direct Roman rule, Claudius gave procurators control over Judea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995979_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995979-28" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Various theories have been put forward to explain why Tacitus should use the term "procurator" when the archaeological evidence indicates that Pilate was a prefect. Jerry Vardaman theorizes that Pilate's title was changed during his stay in Judea and that the Pilate Stone dates from the early years of his administration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Lifshitz" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baruch Lifshitz">Baruch Lifshitz</a> postulates that the inscription would originally have mentioned the title of "procurator" along with "prefect".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> L.A. Yelnitsky argues that the use of "procurator" in Annals 15.44.3 is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_interpolation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> S.G.F. Brandon suggests that there is no real difference between the two ranks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a> states that Tacitus "retrojected" the title procurator which was in use at the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> back onto Pilate who was called prefect in his own time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19999_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19999-34" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a> as well as Van Voorst state that Tacitus apparently used the title <i>procurator</i> because it was more common at the time of his writing and that this variation in the use of the title should not be taken as evidence to doubt the correctness of the information Tacitus provides.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ChilEvans465_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ChilEvans465-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200048_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200048-36" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Carter" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Warren Carter">Warren Carter</a> states that, as the term "prefect" has a military connotation, while "procurator" is civilian, the use of either term may be appropriate for governors who have a range of military, administrative and fiscal responsibilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> says that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philo">Philo</a> (who died AD 50) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> also use the term "procurator" for Pilate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> As both Philo and Josephus wrote in Greek, neither of them actually used the term "procurator", but the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπίτροπος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">epítropos</i></span>), which is regularly translated as "procurator". Philo also uses this Greek term for the governors of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aegyptus (Roman province)">Egypt</a> (a prefect), of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> (a proconsul) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> (a legate).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Werner Eck, in his list of terms for governors of Judea found in the works of Josephus, shows that, while in the early work, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, Josephus uses <i>epitropos</i> less consistently, the first governor to be referred to by the term in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuspius_Fadus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cuspius Fadus">Cuspius Fadus</a>, (who was in office AD 44–46).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Feldman notes that Philo, Josephus and Tacitus may have anachronistically confused the timing of the titles—prefect later changing to procurator.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Feldman also notes that the use of the titles may not have been rigid, for Josephus refers to Cuspius Fadus both as "prefect" and "procurator".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818-38" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Authenticity_and_historical_value">Authenticity and historical value</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Authenticity and historical value">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)#Provenance_and_authenticity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals (Tacitus) § Provenance and authenticity</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 182px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lipsius_manuscript.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1324" data-file-width="823" decoding="async" height="290" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/180px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/270px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Lipsius_manuscript.jpg/360px-Lipsius_manuscript.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lipsius_manuscript.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The title page of 1598 edition of the works of Tacitus, kept in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empoli">Empoli</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although its authenticity has sometimes been questioned, most scholars hold the passage to be authentic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-43_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-43-41" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2015_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2015-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> William L. Portier has stated that the consistency in the references by Tacitus, Josephus and the letters to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Trajan" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> reaffirm the validity of all three accounts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to be of historical value as an independent Roman source about early Christianity that is in unison with other historical records.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Bible'_page_343-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263_44-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263-44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Tacitus was a patriotic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Senate">Roman senator</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MAPowell33_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-MAPowell33-46" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> His writings show no sympathy towards Christians, or knowledge of who their leader was.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ancient_Rome'_page_293_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Ancient_Rome'_page_293-47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> His characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the ritual as cannibalism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ancient_Rome'_page_293_47-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Ancient_Rome'_page_293-47" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6stenberger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andreas Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> states that the tone of the passage towards Christians is far too negative to have been authored by a Christian scribe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Van Voorst also states that the passage is unlikely to be a Christian forgery because of the pejorative language used to describe Christianity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Tacitus was about seven years old at the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>, and like other Romans as he grew up he would have most likely heard about the fire that destroyed most of the city, and Nero's accusations against Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> When Tacitus wrote his account, he was the governor of the province of Asia, and as a member of the inner circle in Rome he would have known of the official position with respect to the fire and the Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230-13" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1885 P. Hochart had proposed that the passage was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pious_fraud" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pious fraud">pious fraud</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> but the editor of the 1907 Oxford edition dismissed his suggestion and treated the passage as genuine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurneaux1907Appendix_II,_p._418_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurneaux1907Appendix_II,_p._418-51" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> Scholars such as Bruce Chilton, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a>, Paul Eddy and Gregory Boyd agree with John Meier's statement that "Despite some feeble attempts to show that this text is a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, the passage is obviously genuine.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ChilEvans465_35-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ChilEvans465-35" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Suggestions that the whole of <i>Annals</i> may have been a forgery have also been generally rejected by scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-52" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Meier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> states that there is no historical or archaeological evidence to support the argument that a scribe may have introduced the passage into the text.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tacitus_portrait.jpg" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="708" data-file-width="529" decoding="async" height="268" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tacitus_portrait.jpg/200px-Tacitus_portrait.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tacitus_portrait.jpg/300px-Tacitus_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tacitus_portrait.jpg/400px-Tacitus_portrait.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tacitus_portrait.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #795cb2; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of Tacitus, based on an antique bust</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Van Voorst states that "of all Roman writers, Tacitus gives us the most precise information about Christ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Crossan considers the passage important in establishing that Jesus existed and was crucified, and states: "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that Tacitus provides a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Biblical scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> wrote: "Tacitus's report confirms what we know from other sources, that Jesus was executed by order of the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate, sometime during Tiberius's reign."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Prophet_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Prophet-55" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a> considers the passage as useful in establishing facts about <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a>, e.g. that there was a sizable number of Christians in Rome around AD 60. Dunn states that Tacitus seems to be under the impression that Christians were some form of Judaism, although distinguished from them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200956_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200956-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Meier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> state that in addition to establishing that there was a large body of Christians in Rome, the Tacitus passage provides two other important pieces of historical information, namely that by around AD 60 it was possible to distinguish between Christians and Jews in Rome and that even pagans made a connection between Christianity in Rome and its origin in Judea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AntiochRome_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-AntiochRome-10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although the majority of scholars consider it to be genuine, some scholars question the value of the passage given that Tacitus was born 25 years after Jesus' death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some scholars have debated the historical value of the passage given that Tacitus does not reveal the source of his information.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> and Annette Merz argue that Tacitus at times had drawn on earlier historical works now lost to us, and he may have used official sources from a Roman archive in this case; however, if Tacitus had been copying from an official source, some scholars would expect him to have labelled Pilate correctly as a <i>prefect</i> rather than a <i>procurator</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199883_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199883-57" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> Theissen and Merz state that Tacitus gives us a description of widespread prejudices about Christianity and a few precise details about "Christus" and Christianity, the source of which remains unclear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> However, Paul Eddy has stated that given his position as a senator, Tacitus was also likely to have had access to official Roman documents of the time and did not need other sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Michael Martin states that the authenticity of this passage of the <i>Annals</i> has also been disputed on the grounds that Tacitus would not have used the name "Christos", derived from "messiah",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> while others have questioned if the passage represents "some modernizing or updating of the facts" to reflect the Christian world at the time the text was written.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Weaver notes that Tacitus spoke of the persecution of Christians, but no other Christian author wrote of this persecution for a hundred years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Shaw" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brent Shaw">Brent Shaw</a> has argued that Tacitus was relying on Christian and Jewish legendary sources that portrayed Nero as the Antichrist for the information that Nero persecuted Christians and that in fact, no persecution under Nero took place.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2015_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2015-42" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Shaw's views have received strong criticism and have generally not been accepted by the scholarly consensus:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> writing on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_Studies" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament Studies">New Testament Studies</a></i>, Christopher P. Jones (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>) answered to Shaw and refuted his arguments, noting that the Tacitus's anti-Christian stance makes it unlikely that he was using Christian sources; he also noted that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> clearly points to the fact that there was indeed a clear and distinct Christian community in Rome in the 50s and that the persecution is also mentioned by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> was also critical of Shaw's argument, dismissing it as "vague and hazy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Writing on <i>Eirene: Studia Graeca et Latina</i>, Brigit van der Lans and Jan N. Bremmer also dismissed Shaw's argument, noting that the Neronian persecution is recorded in many 1st-century Christian writings, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the apocryphal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a>; they also argued that <i>Chrestianus, Christianus</i>, and <i>Χριστιανός</i> were probably terms invented by the Romans in the 50s and then adopted by Christians themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In an article for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigiliae_Christianae_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vigiliae Christianae (journal)">Vigiliae Christianae</a></i>, John Granger Cook also rebuked Shaw's thesis, arguing that <i>Chrestianus, Christianus</i>, and <i>Χριστιανός</i> are not creations of the second century and that Roman officials were probably aware of the <i>Chrestiani</i> in the 60s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In his book <i>Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_S._Strauss" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barry S. Strauss">Barry S. Strauss</a> rejects Shaw's argument.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Scholars have also debated the issue of hearsay in the reference by Tacitus. Charles Guignebert argued that "So long as there is that possibility [that Tacitus is merely echoing what Christians themselves were saying], the passage remains quite worthless".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> R. T. France states that the Tacitus passage is at best just Tacitus repeating what he had heard through Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> However, Paul Eddy has stated that as Rome's preeminent historian, Tacitus was generally known for checking his sources and was not in the habit of reporting gossip.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181-24" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> Tacitus was a member of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">Quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a></i>, a council of priests whose duty it was to supervise foreign religious cults in Rome, which as Van Voorst points out, makes it reasonable to suppose that he would have acquired knowledge of Christian origins through his work with that body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Handbook_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Handbook-70" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_early_sources">Other early sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other early sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger_on_Christians" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliny the Younger on Christians">Pliny the Younger on Christians</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius_on_Christians" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suetonius on Christians">Suetonius on Christians</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The earliest known references to Christianity are found in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, a 20-volume work written by the Jewish historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Titus Flavius Josephus</a> around 93–94 AD, during the reign of emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. This work includes two references to Jesus and Christians (in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 3</a> and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9</a>), and also a reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Book 18, Chapter 5</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maier1995_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Maier1995-71" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Baras_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Baras-72" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The next known reference to Christianity was written by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, who was the Roman governor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a> during the reign of emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. Around 111 AD,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19993-73" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> Pliny wrote a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger_on_Christians" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliny the Younger on Christians">letter to emperor Trajan</a>, requesting guidance on how to deal with suspected Christians who appeared before him in trials he was holding at that time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TECC_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-TECC-74" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Benko1986_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-Benko1986-75" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ANRW_76-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-ANRW-76" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> Tacitus' references to Nero's persecution of Christians in the Annals were written around 115 AD,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19993-73" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> a few years after Pliny's letter but also during the reign of emperor Trajan.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another notable early author was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suetonius">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</a>, who wrote the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Twelve Caesars</a></i> around 122 AD,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19993-73" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> during the reign of emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. In this work, Suetonius described why <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christian" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a> were <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars/Claudius#25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars/Claudius">expelled from Rome</a> by emperor Claudius, and also the <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars/Nero#16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars/Nero">persecution of Christians</a> by Nero, who was the heir and successor of Claudius.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="430" data-file-width="410" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="38" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)">The Annals (Tacitus)</a></b></div></div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion on Jesus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), <i>The Cambridge History of Latin Literature</i>, page 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21043-7">0-521-21043-7</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Dando1-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Dando1_2-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Dando-Collins 2010 <i>The Great Fire of Rome</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81890-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81890-5">978-0-306-81890-5</a> pages 1-4</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrent200932-34_3-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBrent2009" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Brent 2009</a>, p. 32-34.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039-53_4-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 39-53.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200142-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200142_5-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEvans2001" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Evans 2001</a>, p. 42.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bible'_page_343-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_6-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Bible'_page_343_6-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 2001 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> page 343</span></li><li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation</i> by Helen K. Bond 2004 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4">0-521-61620-4</a> page xi</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_8-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_8-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 127.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200956-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200956_9-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200956_9-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFDunn2009" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 56.</span></li><li id="cite_note-AntiochRome-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-AntiochRome_10-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-AntiochRome_10-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBrownMeier1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brown, Raymond Edward; Meier, John P. (1983). <i>Antioch and Rome: New Testament cradles of Catholic Christianity</i>. p. 99. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2532-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2532-3"><bdi>0-8091-2532-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+and+Rome%3A+New+Testament+cradles+of+Catholic+Christianity&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8091-2532-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft.au=Meier%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.ann15.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tacitus: Annales XV"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tacitus%3A+Annales+XV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Ftacitus%2Ftac.ann15.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Tacitus, The Annals, book 15, chapter 44</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200230_13-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBarnett2002" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Barnett 2002</a>, p. 30.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Pitman4-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Pitman4_14-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cornelii Taciti Annalium, Libri V, VI, XI, XII: With Introduction and Notes</i> by Henry Furneaux, H. Pitman 2010 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-108-01239-6" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-108-01239-6">1-108-01239-6</a> page iv</span></li><li id="cite_note-Francis96-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Francis96_15-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Francis96_15-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton, Francis, <i><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgU9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Scriptorium and Library at Monte Cassino, 1058–1105</a></i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58395-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58395-0">0-521-58395-0</a> Cambridge University Press, 1999. "The Date of the Medicean Tacitus (<i>Flor. Laur.</i> 68.2)", p. 96-97.</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Andresen&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Georg Andresen (page does not exist)">Georg Andresen</a> in <i>Wochenschrift fur klassische Philologie</i> 19, 1902, col. 780f</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Boman, <i><a class="external text" href="http://brepols.metapress.com/content/y4m58q8x60600153/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Inpulsore Cherestro? Suetonius' Divus Claudius 25.4 in Sources and Manuscripts</a> <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104012946/http://brepols.metapress.com/content/y4m58q8x60600153/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2013-01-04 at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></i>, Liber Annuus 61 (2011), ISSN 0081-8933, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a>, Jerusalem 2012, p. 355, n. 2.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48_18-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200044-48_18-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 44-48.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995657_19-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBromiley1995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bromiley 1995</a>, p. 657.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Lampe12-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Lampe12_20-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries</i> by Peter Lampe 2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8102-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8102-7">0-8264-8102-7</a> page 12</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200033-35_21-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 33-35.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Robert_Renehan_1968_pp._368-370-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Robert_Renehan_1968_pp._368-370_22-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Renehan, "Christus or Chrestus in Tacitus?", La Parola del Passato 122 (1968), pp. 368-370</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>, Volume 29, JSTOR (Organization), 2007. p vii</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007181_24-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 181.</span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Annals 12.60: Claudius said that the judgments of his procurators had the same efficacy as those judgments he made.</span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. A. Brunt, <i>Roman imperial themes</i>, Oxford University Press, 1990, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814476-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814476-8">0-19-814476-8</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814476-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814476-2">978-0-19-814476-2</a>. p.167.</span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Histories 5.9.8.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995979-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1995979_28-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFBromiley1995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Bromiley 1995</a>, p. 979.</span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paul, apostle of the heart set free</i> by F. F. Bruce (2000) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842270273" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1842270273">1842270273</a>Eerdsmans page 354</span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as 'Prefect<span style="padding-right: 0.15em;">'</span>", <i>JBL</i> 81/1 (1962), p. 71.</span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Inscriptions latines de Cesaree (Caesarea Palaestinae)" in <i>Latomus</i> 22 (1963), pp. 783–4.</span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Caesarea Inscription of Pontius Pilate and Its Historical Significance" in <i>Vestnik Drevnej Istorii</i> 93 (1965), pp.142–6.</span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pontius Pilate in history and legend" in <i>History Today</i> 18 (1968), pp. 523—530</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19999-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19999_34-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFCrossan1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Crossan 1999</a>, p. 9.</span></li><li id="cite_note-ChilEvans465-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ChilEvans465_35-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ChilEvans465_35-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (1998). <i>Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research</i>. pp. 465–466. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5"><bdi>90-04-11142-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+historical+Jesus%3A+evaluations+of+the+state+of+current+research&rft.pages=465-466&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11142-5&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200048-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200048_36-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 48.</span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor</i> by Warren Carter (Sep 1, 2003) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814651135" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0814651135">0814651135</a> page 44</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1997818_38-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFeldman1997" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Feldman 1997</a>, p. 818.</span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew and Empire: Initial Explorations</i> by Warren Carter (T&T Clark: October 10, 2001) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563383427" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563383427">978-1563383427</a> p. 215.</span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Eck, "<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Die Benennung von römischen Amtsträgern und politisch-militärisch-administrativenFunktionen bei Flavius Iosephus: Probleme der korrekten IdentifizierungAuthor</span></span>" in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i></span>, 166 (2008), p. 222.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-43-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-43_41-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 42-43.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2015-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2015_42-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2015_42-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFShaw2015" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Shaw 2015</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBlom2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Blom, Willem (2019), "Why the Testimonium Taciteum Is Authentic: A Response to Carrier", <i>Vigilae Christianae</i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigilae+Christianae&rft.atitle=Why+the+Testimonium+Taciteum+Is+Authentic%3A+A+Response+to+Carrier&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263_44-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortier1994263_44-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFPortier1994" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Portier 1994</a>, p. 263.</span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFeldman1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Feldman, Louis H. (1997). <i>Josephus, the Bible, and history</i>. p. 381. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08931-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08931-4"><bdi>90-04-08931-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+Bible%2C+and+history&rft.pages=381&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-08931-4&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-MAPowell33-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-MAPowell33_46-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPowell1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Powell, Mark Allan (1998). <i>Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee</i>. p. 33. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8"><bdi>0-664-25703-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+figure+in+history%3A+how+modern+historians+view+the+man+from+Galilee&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-664-25703-8&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ancient_Rome'_page_293-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Ancient_Rome'_page_293_47-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Ancient_Rome'_page_293_47-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunstan2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dunstan, William E. (2010). <i>Ancient Rome</i>. p. 293. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6833-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6833-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-6833-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6833-4&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBurkett2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Burkett, Delbert Royce (2002). <i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i>. p. 485. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8"><bdi>0-521-00720-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.pages=485&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-00720-8&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert+Royce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott (2009). <i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. pp. 109–110. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=109-110&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+L.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFFurneaux1907" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Furneaux" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Furneaux">Furneaux, Henry</a>, ed. (1907). <i>Cornelii Taciti Annalium ab excessu divi augusti libri</i> [<i>The annals of Tacitus with introduction and notes</i>] (in Latin). Vol. ii, books xi-xvi (2nd ed.). Clarendon. p. Appendix II, p. 416f.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornelii+Taciti+Annalium+ab+excessu+divi+augusti+libri&rft.pages=Appendix+II%2C+p.+416f&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurneaux1907Appendix_II,_p._418-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurneaux1907Appendix_II,_p._418_51-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFFurneaux1907" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Furneaux 1907</a>, Appendix II, p. 418.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200042_52-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 42.</span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMeier1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Meier, John P. (1991). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John P. Meier"><i>A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</i></a></i>. Vol. 1. Doubleday. pp. 168–171.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+Rethinking+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pages=168-171&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrossan1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). <i>Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</i>. HarperOne. p. 145. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8"><bdi>0-06-061662-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-061662-8&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Prophet-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Prophet_55-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEhrman2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ehrman, Bart D. (2001). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium"><i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124743" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124743"><bdi>978-0195124743</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0195124743&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBruce1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bruce, F. F. (1974). <i>Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p. 23.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Christian+Origins+Outside+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199883-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199883_57-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 83.</span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC&pg=PA83" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide</i></a>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 83. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3122-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3122-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-3122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+Jesus%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3122-2&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMartin1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Martin, Michael (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWkC4dTmK0AC&q=tacitus&pg=PA52" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Case Against Christianity</i></a>. pp. 50–51. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566390811" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781566390811"><bdi>9781566390811</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+Against+Christianity&rft.pages=50-51&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781566390811&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWkC4dTmK0AC%26q%3Dtacitus%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShaw2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shaw, Brent (2015). "The Myth of Neronian Persecution". <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>105</b>: 86. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075435815000982" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0075435815000982</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162564651" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">162564651</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Neronian+Persecution&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075435815000982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162564651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWeaver1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Weaver, Walter P. (July 1999). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CZbuFBdAMUC&q=tacitus&pg=PA45" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900–1950</i></a>. pp. 53, 57. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563382802" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781563382802"><bdi>9781563382802</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=53%2C+57&rft.date=1999-07&rft.isbn=9781563382802&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Walter+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CZbuFBdAMUC%26q%3Dtacitus%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMcKnightGupta2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McKnight, Scot; Gupta, Nijay K. (2019-11-05). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmWODwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The State of New Testament Studies: A Survey of Recent Research</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1980-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1980-7"><bdi>978-1-4934-1980-7</bdi></a>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">It appears to me that historians of ancient Rome generally accept Nero's persecution of Christians</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+New+Testament+Studies%3A+A+Survey+of+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1980-7&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Nijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmWODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJones2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones, Christopher P. (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/72A73656C0F1372963C197F8945D38D3/S0028688516000308a.pdf/the-historicity-of-the-neronian-persecution-a-response-to-brent-shaw.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Historicity of the Neronian Persecution: A Response to Brent Shaw"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_Studies" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament Studies">New Testament Studies</a></i>. <b>63</b>: 146–152. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688516000308" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/S0028688516000308</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164718138" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">164718138</a> – via Cambridge University Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Historicity+of+the+Neronian+Persecution%3A+A+Response+to+Brent+Shaw&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=146-152&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688516000308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164718138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F72A73656C0F1372963C197F8945D38D3%2FS0028688516000308a.pdf%2Fthe-historicity-of-the-neronian-persecution-a-response-to-brent-shaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/nero-and-the-christians/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nero and the Christians"</a>. <i>Larry Hurtado's Blog</i>. 2015-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larry+Hurtado%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=Nero+and+the+Christians&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarryhurtado.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2F14%2Fnero-and-the-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFVan_der_LansBremmer2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Van der Lans, Birgit; Bremmer, Jan N. (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35878331" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tacitus and the Persecution of the Christians: An Invention of Tradition?"</a>. <i>Eirene: Studia Graeca et Latina</i>. <b>53</b>: 299–331 – via Centre for Classical Studies.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eirene%3A+Studia+Graeca+et+Latina&rft.atitle=Tacitus+and+the+Persecution+of+the+Christians%3A+An+Invention+of+Tradition%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=299-331&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Van+der+Lans&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft.au=Bremmer%2C+Jan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35878331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFG._Cook2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">G. Cook, John (2020). <a class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/vc/74/3/article-p237_1.xml?language=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Chrestiani, Christiani, Χριστιανοί: a Second Century Anachronism?"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigiliae_Christianae" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vigiliae Christianae">Vigiliae Christianae</a></i>. <b>74</b>: 237–264. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700720-12341410" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1163/15700720-12341410</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242371092" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">242371092</a> – via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=Chrestiani%2C+Christiani%2C+%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF%3A+a+Second+Century+Anachronism%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=237-264&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700720-12341410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242371092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G.+Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fvc%2F74%2F3%2Farticle-p237_1.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStrauss2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Strauss, Barry (2020-03-03). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaXODwAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #795cb2; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6884-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6884-1"><bdi>978-1-4516-6884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Caesars%3A+Roman+Emperors+from+Augustus+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-6884-1&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaXODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus</i>, University Books, New York, 1956, p.13</span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFrance1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._France" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="R. T. France">France, R. T.</a> (1986). <i>Evidence for Jesus (Jesus Library)</i>. Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 19–20. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-38172-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-38172-4"><bdi>978-0-340-38172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+for+Jesus+%28Jesus+Library%29&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Trafalgar+Square+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-340-38172-4&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Handbook-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Handbook_70-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Van Voorst, Robert E. (2011). <i>Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 2159. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163720" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163720"><bdi>978-9004163720</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=2159&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004163720&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Maier1995-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Maier1995_71-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMaier1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul L. Maier">Maier, Paul L.</a> (1995). <i>Josephus, the Essential Writings: A Condensation of Jewish Antiquities and the Jewish War</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications. p. 12. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0825429637" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0825429637"><bdi>978-0825429637</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+Essential+Writings%3A+A+Condensation+of+Jewish+Antiquities+and+the+Jewish+War&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0825429637&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Baras-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Baras_72-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBaras1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baras, Zvi (1987). "The <i>Testimonium Flavianum</i> and the Martyrdom of James". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei (eds.). <i>Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 54–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004085541" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004085541"><bdi>978-9004085541</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Testimonium+Flavianum+and+the+Martyrdom+of+James&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=54-7&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9004085541&rft.aulast=Baras&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan19993-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-1" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossan19993_73-2" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#CITEREFCrossan1999" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;">Crossan 1999</a>, p. 3.</span></li><li id="cite_note-TECC-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-TECC_74-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" id="CITEREFCarrington1957" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carrington" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Carrington">Carrington, Philip</a> (1957). "The Wars of Trajan". <i>The Early Christian Church</i>. Vol. 1: The First Christian Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 429. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521166416" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521166416"><bdi>978-0521166416</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wars+of+Trajan&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+Church&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0521166416&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Benko1986-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-Benko1986_75-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBenko1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Benko, Stephen (1986). <i>Pagan Rome and the Early Christians</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 5–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253203854" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253203854"><bdi>978-0253203854</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Rome+and+the+Early+Christians&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0253203854&rft.aulast=Benko&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ANRW-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus#cite_ref-ANRW_76-0" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFBenko2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Benko, Stephen (2014). "Pagan Criticism of Christianity during the First Centuries A.D.". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstieg_und_Niedergang_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Welt" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt"><i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i></a>. second series (Principat) (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 1055–118. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110080162" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110080162"><bdi>978-3110080162</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pagan+Criticism+of+Christianity+during+the+First+Centuries+A.D.&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=second+series+%28Principat%29&rft.pages=1055-118&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3110080162&rft.aulast=Benko&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></span></li></ol></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarnett2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Barnett_(bishop)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Barnett (bishop)">Barnett, Paul</a> (2002). <i>Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times</i>. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830826995" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830826995"><bdi>978-0830826995</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+%26+the+Rise+of+Early+Christianity%3A+A+History+of+New+Testament+Times&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0830826995&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBrent2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Brent" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Brent">Brent, Allen</a> (2009). <i>A Political History of Early Christianity</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567031754" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567031754"><bdi>978-0567031754</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0567031754&rft.aulast=Brent&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBromiley1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (1995). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837851" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837851"><bdi>978-0802837851</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0802837851&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCrossan1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Dominic Crossan">Crossan, John Dominic</a> (1999). "Voices of the First Outsiders". <i>Birth of Christianity</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567086686" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567086686"><bdi>978-0567086686</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voices+of+the+First+Outsiders&rft.btitle=Birth+of+Christianity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0567086686&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDunn2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (2009). <i>Beginning from Jerusalem (Christianity in the Making, vol. 2)</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802839329" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802839329"><bdi>978-0802839329</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+from+Jerusalem+%28Christianity+in+the+Making%2C+vol.+2%29&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0802839329&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Eddy, Paul R.; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Boyd, Gregory A.</a> (2007). <i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i>. Ada, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144"><bdi>978-0801031144</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.place=Ada%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801031144&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFEvans2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Evans, Craig A. (2001). <i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041189" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041189"><bdi>978-0391041189</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Contemporaries%3A+Comparative+Studies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0391041189&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPortier1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Portier, William L. (1994). <i>Tradition and Incarnation: Foundations of Christian Theology</i>. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809134670" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809134670"><bdi>978-0809134670</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Incarnation%3A+Foundations+of+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0809134670&rft.aulast=Portier&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Van Voorst, Robert E.</a> (2000). <i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802843685" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802843685"><bdi>978-0802843685</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0802843685&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></dd></dl></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tacitus_on_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSyme1958" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1958). <i>Tacitus</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814327-7" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814327-7"><bdi>978-0-19-814327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814327-7&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATacitus+on+Jesus"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Tacitus and the Writing of History</i> by Ronald H. Martin 1981 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04427-4" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04427-4">0-520-04427-4</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Tacitus' Annals</i> by Ronald Mellor 2010 Oxford University Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515192-5" style="background: none; color: #795cb2; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515192-5">0-19-515192-5</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-55161978446148430912023-03-08T06:46:00.104-08:002023-03-12T08:58:06.238-07:00Part 2, 1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD.<div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Jbap0f7JG22F75c7n-sWJZRsyf5o67ajMMUy4rxP0hoh8Ym165bqc2Vihs5vgJMpEJugacwJQf6Q12bXQ2wNvHvbLclMKw2xuwwQkI4n_BOHpRCX7KlJiHB6sSTH6Zwr-PW_vZ9BFQiPHnURcF5wmWBUkqcZ7hFmNm7T6qwatnx8RWJAMzqORKgD8A/s1394/Part%202,%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20The%20undeniable%20proof%20Jesus%20is%20NOT%20GOD..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6" border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1394" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Jbap0f7JG22F75c7n-sWJZRsyf5o67ajMMUy4rxP0hoh8Ym165bqc2Vihs5vgJMpEJugacwJQf6Q12bXQ2wNvHvbLclMKw2xuwwQkI4n_BOHpRCX7KlJiHB6sSTH6Zwr-PW_vZ9BFQiPHnURcF5wmWBUkqcZ7hFmNm7T6qwatnx8RWJAMzqORKgD8A/w640-h358/Part%202,%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20The%20undeniable%20proof%20Jesus%20is%20NOT%20GOD..png" title="Part 2, 1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD." width="640" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Click here for: </span><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/part-1-false-translations-of-1.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span>For </span>Part 1, The FALSE Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6!</a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">By Simon Brown.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>Quick Facts!</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFhNONhzaEHkRq7Pw9FscIO93dnVmHtXwu8MTs-L2MLqBcmcHEVSrORgt8HSDAqaeGdXQCiG86_219BzgXBjiibJIMo39ti_CV-qliS36ncTvgxgdSc6c-O1cKmST2FfzL7C93RT-pBLLB9c0E-dqwZO5USQz7YWQByXP3GfK8RRmGXx8JlqeP1cFxA/s1384/1%20Corinthians%208:6,%20What%20Paul%20did%20not%20say!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1384" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFhNONhzaEHkRq7Pw9FscIO93dnVmHtXwu8MTs-L2MLqBcmcHEVSrORgt8HSDAqaeGdXQCiG86_219BzgXBjiibJIMo39ti_CV-qliS36ncTvgxgdSc6c-O1cKmST2FfzL7C93RT-pBLLB9c0E-dqwZO5USQz7YWQByXP3GfK8RRmGXx8JlqeP1cFxA/w640-h358/1%20Corinthians%208:6,%20What%20Paul%20did%20not%20say!.png" title="1 Corinthians 8:6, Notice what Paul DID NOT SAY:" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 8:6.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice what Paul <span style="color: red;"><b><u>DID NOT SAY:</u></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, 👉</span><span style="font-size: large;">(who is Jesus Christ) 👈</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">of whom are all things, and we for Him.</span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu2pXfRt4M8WXf4XO5Qb3tJVsENj2Pdz-rzLLCdqFtKRJY99niYcbKK3tCH2N9iTC1s5gV43wpLCIQZA2jhsfbniPHl_kwNuv8Ecf-lHAc_E5gJLs8FCaD7JDP4XPHXdIACVsdyTB7ZbpK7V7WqnHOAfQ5NjdRLc4F9hmuUEa9sTWXkhuO-pqDblunWw/s1385/1%20Corinthians%208:6!%20Notice%20what%20Paul%20DID%20SAY:%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6" border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1385" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu2pXfRt4M8WXf4XO5Qb3tJVsENj2Pdz-rzLLCdqFtKRJY99niYcbKK3tCH2N9iTC1s5gV43wpLCIQZA2jhsfbniPHl_kwNuv8Ecf-lHAc_E5gJLs8FCaD7JDP4XPHXdIACVsdyTB7ZbpK7V7WqnHOAfQ5NjdRLc4F9hmuUEa9sTWXkhuO-pqDblunWw/w640-h360/1%20Corinthians%208:6!%20Notice%20what%20Paul%20DID%20SAY:%20.png" title="1 Corinthians 8:6! Notice what Paul DID SAY:" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 8:6. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice what Paul <b><span style="color: #04ff00; text-decoration-line: underline;">DID SAY:</span> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(AND) <span style="color: #01ffff;">one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">WE SEE TWO SEPARATE PERSONS <u><b>AND NOT ONE AND THE SAME GOD. </b></u>And The Father as <b><u>GOD ALONE!</u></b></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">-----------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Introduction.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">God said: <span style="color: red;">My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge; because you have rejected knowledge, I reject you from being a priest to me. And since you have forgotten the law of your God, I also will forget your children.</span> Hosea 4:6.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I believe this EXPLOSIVE single scripture by Paul of 1 Corinthians 8:6, has an undeniable power to SHATTER the false beliefs of the Trinity faith, and of the Oneness Pentecostal faith, and Binitarianism, in fact most faiths, who all do not agree or accept each others beliefs, but on their other hand, all accept and believe in an oddly and similar way what is not taught in the whole Bible by saying believing and teaching there is ONE GOD, who is the SON, or The Father is the SON, or GOD is TWO persons, or THREE persons.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: arial;">Look out for my next article:</span></span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">HOW MANY FALSE CHRIST ARE THERE?</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There we will look at more RIDICULOUS beliefs as with the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Mormon's (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or the LDS Church) who believe and teach Jesus was born by God the Father having physical sexual relations with the Virgin Mary.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Devil truly has deceived the whole </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">world </span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Revelation 12:9!</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the Devil laughing all the way to HELL?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XBTTAdT11C2gA6eNKyW6_AiYB3cndG6lpEUzJYKe49eFVGRo_PMZ_easwAsljrCe13I7pFR7CkBElbMw1hS9WPfJCh-PlN7A2DJpsLtB9dWpQUtgxIsi8pV4OyrKr24esFjHRM0F5Robv8Ca4VOMfnGnxmD0Zc4mis4NGkIVzdXa1pR2g01tPFKrCQ/s809/TRINITY.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="The Trinity of God." border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="445" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XBTTAdT11C2gA6eNKyW6_AiYB3cndG6lpEUzJYKe49eFVGRo_PMZ_easwAsljrCe13I7pFR7CkBElbMw1hS9WPfJCh-PlN7A2DJpsLtB9dWpQUtgxIsi8pV4OyrKr24esFjHRM0F5Robv8Ca4VOMfnGnxmD0Zc4mis4NGkIVzdXa1pR2g01tPFKrCQ/w352-h640/TRINITY.png" title="Atypical depiction. The Son is identified by a lamb, the Father an Eye of Providence, and the Spirit a dove," width="352" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4mvcohdqFhM1gxG3y8N7A4ou_7w0RnlVz0AEqs5r0V46vXxg5ysuACMNAmI9DSt8arpS3RsqoHIp3ni4ly1HLzLZra0HvLiaISpUKyApRfoG6f43zM7UlwlmWvlGxu_7dmTRtaWWwcmbgMIw_BEb0jfKMww9qsakJzoGrd-5XgPiI2OLNHiMSjUZONw/s260/trinity-doctrine.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="The Trinity of God." border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4mvcohdqFhM1gxG3y8N7A4ou_7w0RnlVz0AEqs5r0V46vXxg5ysuACMNAmI9DSt8arpS3RsqoHIp3ni4ly1HLzLZra0HvLiaISpUKyApRfoG6f43zM7UlwlmWvlGxu_7dmTRtaWWwcmbgMIw_BEb0jfKMww9qsakJzoGrd-5XgPiI2OLNHiMSjUZONw/s16000/trinity-doctrine.png" title="The Trinity Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English." /></span></a></div></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) The Trinity</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (Latin: Trinitas, lit. 'triad', from Latin: trinus 'threefold')[1] is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons:[2][3] God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons sharing one homoousion (essence) "each is God, complete and whole.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) "Definition of trinity in English". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. 2) Daley 2009, pp. 323–350 3) Ramelli 2012. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinWMtVq-lpm4E_qSjgsUpJCBLKIWcfpLjVZus5uUN63OqLYgJq8vWr-YVb4dAGIYaJTn1mx0H0pUU_XkpmeVUr4Ut82f7Q40o3ZikJWUfSzQlXthGZfQiwoOnGfwexM1Y8VMXbMl85V2sGL8QHUjm8QrbDtyCVdkr-Qj2EJtcOGXO3tfyTisDNSaUy-g/s736/The%20Oneness%20Pentecostal%20Faith.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="707" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinWMtVq-lpm4E_qSjgsUpJCBLKIWcfpLjVZus5uUN63OqLYgJq8vWr-YVb4dAGIYaJTn1mx0H0pUU_XkpmeVUr4Ut82f7Q40o3ZikJWUfSzQlXthGZfQiwoOnGfwexM1Y8VMXbMl85V2sGL8QHUjm8QrbDtyCVdkr-Qj2EJtcOGXO3tfyTisDNSaUy-g/s320/The%20Oneness%20Pentecostal%20Faith.png" width="307" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism#:~:text=This%20doctrine%20states%20that%20there,persons%20posited%20by%20Trinitarian%20theology."><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: large;">The Oneness Pentecostal faith.</span></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #fcff01; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This doctrine states that there is one God, a singular divine spirit with no distinction of persons who manifests himself in many ways, including as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.[7][8][9] This stands in sharp contrast to the doctrine of three distinct and eternal persons posited by Trinitarian theology.[10][11][12][13] See link above.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3ubXz0mfI9QgtYUCktyC7U6rNxKZUnenhe3f85Ysk6NC-gu09X_bJe56DDr6Oo-79TRbrhSLPg84LgWwzIvzdrUr5mjQjJKfXH3k_h6_L01BrjInrpBZqADXasiEqrWOU7mNnk0-tDjSFX1gMsWmVZK8qtwZ-ZEqRk7ijj1Z_ktVwaEyw7x0wW8V0g/s955/What%20is%20Binitarianism%3F.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="God is two persons." border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="955" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD3ubXz0mfI9QgtYUCktyC7U6rNxKZUnenhe3f85Ysk6NC-gu09X_bJe56DDr6Oo-79TRbrhSLPg84LgWwzIvzdrUr5mjQjJKfXH3k_h6_L01BrjInrpBZqADXasiEqrWOU7mNnk0-tDjSFX1gMsWmVZK8qtwZ-ZEqRk7ijj1Z_ktVwaEyw7x0wW8V0g/w640-h506/What%20is%20Binitarianism%3F.png" title="Binitarianism. God is two persons." width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Binitarianism is a Christian theology of two persons, personas, or aspects in one substance/Divinity (or God). Classically, binitarianism is understood as a form of monotheism—that is, that God is absolutely one being—and yet with binitarianism there is a "twoness" in God, which means one God family. The other common forms of monotheism are "unitarianism", a belief in one God with one person, and "trinitarianism", a belief in one God with three persons.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In this article, I hope to do my part by helping to EXPOSE these terrible false beliefs that DENY the Father and the SON, by attempting to BURST OPEN, and uncover what Paul simply and plainly TELLS us about the Father and the SON, while on the other hand, revealing and proving how Paul does NOT agree with the beliefs of MODERN Christianity today.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Titus 1:16 Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">They profess to know God, but in their works they deny Him, being detestable and disobedient and unfit for any good work.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Sadly, I don't think we will ever DESTROY the false teachings within the false faiths and beliefs of GOD and His SON, as GOD Himself will make all things perfect as He is doing now THROUGH His Only Begotten SON, </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Colossians 1:16, Revelation 3:14, and when Jesus finally returns.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the mean time, we thank GOD for the (FEW) people who do</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> have eyes to see and ears to hear as Jesus often said, who are hungry to eat the true bread that last forever, and</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> will hear, see and accept the truth, and will finally worship the Father in truth and Spirit, John 4:23.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Could the (FEW) who come to the side of truth, be the people Jesus talked about in </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Matthew 22:14 saying: <span style="color: red;">For many are called, but </span>(few)<span style="color: red;"> chosen."</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>Full article:</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">What does Paul tell us in the Berean Literal Bible of 1 Corinthians 8:6</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read Paul saying: <span style="color: red;">There is ONE GOD,</span> who is <span style="color: red;">The Father.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So what is Paul telling us?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This is not complicated, even for me, an ordinary man off the street, who is dyslexic, and failed to attend a school.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The simple answer is in the 10 Additional Proof Scriptures Below:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If we turn to Scriptures like Deuteronomy 4:35, we discover the The ONE GOD and the Father's name:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">It was shown to you so that you might know that </span>(Yahweh) is God. <span style="color: red;">There is no one else besides him.</span> World English Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) So The ONE GOD's name is (Yahweh).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Isaiah 44:24: <span style="color: red;">Thus says Yahweh, your Redeemer, and he who formed you from the womb: "I am Yahweh, who makes all things; </span>who ALONE<span style="color: red;"> stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth </span>BY MYSELF. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2) We find here: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh</span> saying through the prophet He is the CREATOR<span style="color: red;"> ALONE, BY MYSELF. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2 Kings 19:15</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hezekiah prayed before Yahweh, and said, “Yahweh, the God of Israel, who are enthroned above the cherubim, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">you are the God, even you alone,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3) We find here: <span style="color: red;">“Yahweh,</span> the God of Israel, is <span style="color: red;">GOD ALONE,</span> who made heaven and earth.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Nehemiah 9:6</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">You are </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yahweh, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">even you </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">alone.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> You have made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their army, the earth and all things that are on it, the seas and all that is in them, and you preserve them all. The army of heaven worships you.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">4) We find here GOD is: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh, alone</span>, who made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their army, the earth and all things that are on it, the seas and all that is in them.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Kings 18:36</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">At the time of the evening offering, Elijah the prophet came near and said, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(“Yahweh, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Israel),</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> let it be known today that you are God in Israel and that I am your servant, and that I have done all these things at your word.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">5) We find another great Title: (<span style="color: red;">Yahweh</span> is the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Israel).</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We continue with Exodus 3:6</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Moreover he said, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.”</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Moses hid his face because he was afraid to look at God.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">6) We find here GOD ALONE saying: <span style="color: red;">“I am the God</span> of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.”</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And another Scripture out of many: John 5:44</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How are you able to believe, receiving glory from one another, and you do not seek the glory that is from </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">the only God?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">7) We find here how Yahweh is: The ONLY GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Timothy 1:17</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now to the King of the ages, the immortal, invisible, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">only God, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">be honor and glory to the ages of the ages. Amen.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">8) We find here how <span style="color: red;">Yahweh</span> is: the King of the ages, the immortal, invisible, <span style="color: red;">ONLY GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jeremiah 10:10:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yahweh is the true God; he is the living God,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> and an everlasting King: at his wrath the earth trembles, and the nations are not able to withstand his indignation. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">9) We find Jeremiah telling us here how: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh</span> is the true God; he is <span style="color: red;">the living God,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And lastly one more Scripture out of many by Jesus Himself in: John 17:3 <span style="color: red;">Now this is eternal life, that they may know </span>You, the only true God,<span style="color: red;"> and Jesus Christ, whom You have sent. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">10) We find Jesus telling us here how His Father is:<span style="color: red;"> The ONLY TRUE GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The first question is, what have we seen so far?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, I am sure, so far, we can agree with what we have seen, in just some of countless Scriptures?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) <span style="color: red;">(Yahweh) </span>is God Deuteronomy 4:35.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2) We find here: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh is CREATOR ALONE, BY MYSELF.</span> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3) We find here: “<span style="color: red;">Yahweh, the God of Israel, is GOD ALONE, who made heaven and earth.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">4) We find here GOD is: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh, alone, who made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their army, the earth and all things that are on it, the seas and all that is in them.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">5) We find another great Title: <span style="color: red;">(Yahweh is the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Israel).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">6) We find here GOD ALONE saying: <span style="color: red;">“I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.”</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">7) We find here how Yahweh is: <span style="color: red;">The ONLY GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">8) We find here how Yahweh is: <span style="color: red;">the King of the ages, the immortal, invisible, ONLY GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">9) We find Jeremiah telling us here how: <span style="color: red;">Yahweh is the true God; he is the living God,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">10) We find Jesus telling us here how His Father is: <span style="color: red;">The ONLY TRUE GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">What have we now discovered in just 10 out of hundreds of similar Scriptures?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Answer:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There is ONE BEING, Who is <span style="color: red;">(Yahweh),</span> The ONE TRUE GOD of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, and of Israel.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNUxB6Ypdqg0mHfK8j-JqPH3xxbMlFhgPbE9XJ5tbWdhVTv14J4VIe3Hq0w2H3cvhey9Yvd3KCKsbKsdqmAp70Y_JWCckROZ470EFe4BBTHl6ZDf_g78INcKkYv021pHu-3n0wyuOvWGH/s640/Deuteronomy+6-4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Deuteronomy 6:4" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNUxB6Ypdqg0mHfK8j-JqPH3xxbMlFhgPbE9XJ5tbWdhVTv14J4VIe3Hq0w2H3cvhey9Yvd3KCKsbKsdqmAp70Y_JWCckROZ470EFe4BBTHl6ZDf_g78INcKkYv021pHu-3n0wyuOvWGH/w640-h360/Deuteronomy+6-4.jpg" title="Deuteronomy 6:4" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Who is GOD alone, the King of the ages, the immortal, invisible, ONLY GOD, only Father, only creator who made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their army, the earth and all things that are on it, the seas and all that is in them, who is a SINGLE PERSON who is the<span style="color: red;"> "source" </span>of all things, hence,<span style="color: red;"> of whom are all things, and we for Him;</span> 1 Corinthians 8:6</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And this is why Paul tells us <span style="color: red;">There is ONE GOD, </span>who is<span style="color: red;"> The Father,</span> who is as seen, The ONE TRUE GOD alone, who is ONE single PERSON on His own, and creator by Himself.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I don't think Paul is in any way shape or form, contradicting anything whatsoever said throughout the word of GOD, as most of MODERN Christianity seem to do, by believing, saying and teaching, there is another one or two persons who are also GOD and WITH GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>What does the Bible NOT SAY?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We do not see a single statement saying (WE ARE GOD, or (THEY are GOD), or (GODS), or (BOTH of us), or (THREE of us), or the Father saying (I AM THE SON), or Jesus Christ saying (I am GOD), or (I am the Father), or Jesus saying (I am the creator), as we would expect if Jesus were GOD or the Father.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Paul continues saying:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Paul now DEFINES the difference between GOD The Father, and Jesus Christ by pointing out another SEPARATE PERSON from Yahweh The ONE true GOD and Father, by telling us about the chosen MAN Jesus Christ.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I hope by now, we see, what is plain and simple to see and understand, how there is nothing whatsoever saying:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Father is the SON, or GOD is Jesus Christ, or The SON is the One True GOD, or GOD is TWO persons as taught by </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Binitarianism, or GOD is THREE persons called the Trinity, or the third person of the Trinity Godhead is a separate person who is also GOD with GOD, as most believe.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYtR7gMaTRQG542NIGmUBP5zBStW1MYnbpMP1TOACRMR0SHl4MylBOHKJ9jp-ERwAr3gJr-oeMYl6QKd87c6gANiJYZgdFm46SZCFtPLR3EcZST-S6B19HKTgC-MUAEvSRGd4ECLAhB00vH24ky0epdbOE-BWO1xYf8133G0cYWH_eowse8I63FkRIg/s1285/%E2%97%84%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20%E2%96%BA%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6" border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="1285" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYtR7gMaTRQG542NIGmUBP5zBStW1MYnbpMP1TOACRMR0SHl4MylBOHKJ9jp-ERwAr3gJr-oeMYl6QKd87c6gANiJYZgdFm46SZCFtPLR3EcZST-S6B19HKTgC-MUAEvSRGd4ECLAhB00vH24ky0epdbOE-BWO1xYf8133G0cYWH_eowse8I63FkRIg/w640-h90/%E2%97%84%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20%E2%96%BA%20.png" title="1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Did you notice, how Paul does not say anything about </span><span style="font-family: arial;">a separate person</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> of the Holy Spirit?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">But tells us about TWO Separate persons, of the Father and of Jesus Christ.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But still many are confused because Paul goes on to say about Jesus: <span style="color: red;">by whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And this sounds very much like what Paul told us about the Father saying: 1 Corinthians 8:6</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But if we look carefully at the difference between both statements by Paul, we see they are clearly NOT the same BEING, NOT the SAME Person, NOT the SAME GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) GOD the Father - <span style="color: red;">of whom are all things, and we for Him; </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">2) Jesus Christ-<span style="color: red;"> by whom are all things, and we through Him</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We clearly see how each person of the Father and of Jesus is identified by Paul as TWO separate persons, and not as ONE and the same GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact Paul tells us nothing about Jesus Christ being GOD, but clearly IDENTIFIES the Father and the Christ as TWO separate, individual persons.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The whole Bible declares how Yahweh GOD is truly Mighty, Magnificent and Almighty.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jeremiah 32:17 tells us:<span style="color: red;"> Nothing is too difficult for GOD.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Matthew 19:26 Jesus tells us: <span style="color: red;">but with God all things are possible."</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus tells us in John 5:30: <span style="color: red;">I am able to do nothing of Myself.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 5:19: <span style="color: red;">Therefore Jesus answered and was saying to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, the Son is able to do nothing of Himself.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Conclusion.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Despite the Biblical facts as we have seen, how most of Christianity continue to oppose, persist, pull out their hair, and contradict the word of GOD, by saying there is ONE GOD who is TWO or THREE persons, who are each GOD, which makes TWO or THREE GODS when the truth is admitted, and yet according to the deceived, there is still ONE GOD, who is </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the same and Equal to each other.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Even though the whole Bible teaches Jesus was a MAN, and the SON of MAN, and the Begotten SON of GOD, and that Jesus told us Himself how He was not Almighty like His GOD, and could do nothing without His Father and GOD, and that GOD was His GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 8:6 </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we through Him. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Again, there is NOT a single inclination by Paul identifying the Father and Jesus Christ as the same GOD, or the same person, or that GOD takes on human flesh to be the SON, as wrongly taught by the Oneness Pentecostal faith.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Could there be an independent single Scripture needing no other Scriptures to help us make out and understand what Paul taught, which would also be as simple as counting from 1,2 3, or A,B,C.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Actually yes there is another Scripture by Jesus Himself, that does not need any other Scriptures to help us understand what is being taught, and who Jesus is, as seen in John 10:36:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">I am the SON of GOD</span> said Jesus, NOT GOD the SON!!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi5F_A8G5vGqobDxKazt9CNM2llTM-J4BaGmeRyqJuqmM4B-QoS80umoB56T_KeqhUwzITSk-g-BkQwGRTUDnv_mq79HOO506zTZxS249RHoSm2YS0REDX5T6r8WvY-Co_5IT5Uc1ds3Fg/s640/John+10-36..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="John 10:36" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi5F_A8G5vGqobDxKazt9CNM2llTM-J4BaGmeRyqJuqmM4B-QoS80umoB56T_KeqhUwzITSk-g-BkQwGRTUDnv_mq79HOO506zTZxS249RHoSm2YS0REDX5T6r8WvY-Co_5IT5Uc1ds3Fg/w640-h360/John+10-36..jpg" title="John 10:36" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Who needs to have expert knowledge, or be extremely intelligent or clever to understand what a child understands, that the SON is never the same being He was Begotten from, and how GOD the Father is not the same being as His own Begotten SON.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWM8lM0ZXsYpQ2GI37onn6MkXzYexA4Gv4bRD5FwhSmBNjHhMGG1CZvFsTQR1xyDQf0H3gdpwH6dLKA175XsJyBfS60i4wH3dCbNEn7lp6kJ1JbY7BsZZmPQ15ytjcBdRLQfdFlE9iKWPA/s640/John+14-1+and+John+10-36..jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="John 10:36" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWM8lM0ZXsYpQ2GI37onn6MkXzYexA4Gv4bRD5FwhSmBNjHhMGG1CZvFsTQR1xyDQf0H3gdpwH6dLKA175XsJyBfS60i4wH3dCbNEn7lp6kJ1JbY7BsZZmPQ15ytjcBdRLQfdFlE9iKWPA/w640-h360/John+14-1+and+John+10-36..jpg" title="John 14:1" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And yet there are Bible Scholars and professor's who have studied Hebrew and Greek and the word of GOD all their lives they often tell me, who SHOUT: <b><u>Jesus is GOD,</u></b> and yet who still today refuse to believe or understand the simple truth, and yet there are certain Children who understand, that Jesus is the SON of the ONE TRUE GOD, and what it means to be a Father and a SON.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-d6HI-QXW8M5f5tqph6H8gF_gG4Ubf3NSrOVb6O5mu9gu92SO80wBxuGuBfcj1DIZtJdGFAMbrnJL5lbjNVat4Ob7OH-cUxGO0l1wvvJvUOOXmgrwyVlABGg61MzxwQnqGqetumYoAXR/s640/Isaiah+45-5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Isaiah 45:5" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-d6HI-QXW8M5f5tqph6H8gF_gG4Ubf3NSrOVb6O5mu9gu92SO80wBxuGuBfcj1DIZtJdGFAMbrnJL5lbjNVat4Ob7OH-cUxGO0l1wvvJvUOOXmgrwyVlABGg61MzxwQnqGqetumYoAXR/w640-h360/Isaiah+45-5.jpg" title="Isaiah 45:5" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">WHY? WHY? WHY, I often ask myself, is the SIMPLE truth, which is so </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">clear and straightforward</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> to understand, that Jesus was a MAN who is the SON of His ONE TRUE GOD, and yet what is so </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">straightforward, plain, basic, and uncomplicated </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">is </span><span style="font-family: arial;">almost impossible for MOST of Christianity to recognise, realise, acknowledge, know, or accept how Jesus is not the same GOD He was Begotten from?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Is the simple answer to why there are wise and intelligent people, and yet who cannot believe, accept or understand the SIMPLE TRUTH, given by Jesus in Matthew 11:25?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">At that time, Jesus answering said, "I fully consent to You, Father, Lord of the heaven and the earth, <b>that You did hide these things from the <u>wise and learned, </u>and did reveal them to <u>little children.</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieWz7GfSUyGnGmABQO7wiRPkEm_fkmo23IX72GZ483Bt1PlX_2HKJkUoNB4qhzS9QnBy82XHQXQkYFBgiFBZgJaLVNXAwGb2G6O2VGrn_b8wGNlV73jtK8ZpvgSEFIjV_SheoXDncVWBr9CZh8Zig4b_RlAIbk4TrPefb6B1HSoP9-NQSXsxLgwiqX1g=s640" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="1 John 5:5" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieWz7GfSUyGnGmABQO7wiRPkEm_fkmo23IX72GZ483Bt1PlX_2HKJkUoNB4qhzS9QnBy82XHQXQkYFBgiFBZgJaLVNXAwGb2G6O2VGrn_b8wGNlV73jtK8ZpvgSEFIjV_SheoXDncVWBr9CZh8Zig4b_RlAIbk4TrPefb6B1HSoP9-NQSXsxLgwiqX1g=w640-h360" title="1 John 5:5" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Join me again, when we will examine </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">HOW MANY FALSE CHRIST ARE THERE?</span></div></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a name='more'></a></span><div style="text-align: center;"><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Related articles:</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/1-corinthians-8-6"><span style="font-size: large;">Article on 1 Corinthians 8:6 by</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/1-corinthians-8-6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="102" data-original-width="382" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg2W-C_IZePOzPLRoZHELHKRKQwzIgWuugkiEImMUSrHXZxVLPoutCyuRJcEV1K5FARu-ObGbxwK7mYFJe_85pa9q-j7Trs5Ze1GIqnwKsTTuKhfFCnSd8dSDeDaXwbIRhPyKkh8RYJfIweTz8UNO8ERMtQ0leDxWhBZ6yGwJ0R20olgyvfswHUVjxHA/s320/www.biblicalunitarian.com%20%201%20Corinthians%208:6.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; 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font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMCnr5dvhGiJOMCP02mcDC4pB-D1GiQdO_cxYMW-TlEJti14J42C7jzOaOb6EWG-BYFOyCNeBpQSmLJ4ziQZEilXZoKq_tND5oPUkfLUh612AXxQGXSXQ8N9bYvCwAxtuAjfn3tzVwhQub/s568/Who+Is+Jesus%253F+A+Plea+for+a+Return+to+Belief+in+Jesus%252C+the+Messiah.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="379" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMCnr5dvhGiJOMCP02mcDC4pB-D1GiQdO_cxYMW-TlEJti14J42C7jzOaOb6EWG-BYFOyCNeBpQSmLJ4ziQZEilXZoKq_tND5oPUkfLUh612AXxQGXSXQ8N9bYvCwAxtuAjfn3tzVwhQub/s320/Who+Is+Jesus%253F+A+Plea+for+a+Return+to+Belief+in+Jesus%252C+the+Messiah.png" width="214" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-size: large;"><u><a href="http://www.focusonthekingdom.org/articles_/Who%20Is%20Jesus.pdf">A Plea for a Return to Belief in Jesus, the Messiah</a></u></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My Related articles</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/st-paul-blows-trinity-doctrine-to.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="1 Timothy 6:15" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gkZ4NXtP-XU/WBCcIE28qUI/AAAAAAAAC2Y/DByDoaCVJTAcI4UpneQ-bQypa_frS5CNACLcB/w640-h360/ONE%2BGOD.%2B%2528Medium%2529.jpg" title="ST PAUL BLOWS THE TRINITY DOCTRINE TO OBLIVION. 1 Timothy 6:15." width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2017/07/colossians-29-yet-again-another.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="Colossians 2:9" border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="640" height="408" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UNmBJeflZMI/WXtTkQQ6HzI/AAAAAAAAEL4/VgQztT2zMiorLQsQvKPpLtT7mMu6Gr3pgCLcBGAs/w640-h408/Colossians%2B2%253A9.%2BYet%2Bagain%252C%2Banother%2BTrinitarian%2BDECEPTION..png" title="Colossians 2:9. Yet again, another Trinitarian DECEPTION." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/03/how-does-false-god-and-false-christ.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="False God And A False Christ" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="640" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1swO9PieDAiFYRUremdqUC-E5Sl3dOlmcfuVwoITajwsQdsDF6DBkTmlxit57ErCtMA4wam53-4ohw5oFQjoQPGmWrKq5-H5Zf1q6UePAwiFOeKLW_M6Jyxuuwkb5q5TaKfIicXqOBsmyjsAbIKaqa9ae3JyauHk7iQSacWE06HxYKnlgX6vYuXl1CQ=w640-h362" title="How Does A False God And A False Christ Hear And Save?" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/02/most-of-christianity-believe-in-false.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img alt="false Christ!" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="639" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdFOlElUGSUEh_hREzecIz5rLLi9AZOLKfycTEotu4zEhW-uxzpVhMzDYnIK0VyLzLkuQhY_UcnevZV27eT6cBc_OxBkYeK4beM_TBdED1RHCY467I_8NMa6D7Lj6_WtvoN_cki_x-rPEC8dSNBZtUDApLa1cyQWKteadviCMROArTNyQ8-eaBWx5ldA=w640-h358" title="MOST of Christianity believe in a false Christ!" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-36555237321396391392023-03-06T12:33:00.039-08:002023-03-12T08:53:55.837-07:00 Part 1, The FALSE Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6!<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTi2bRwgzCaciIx0kzGS0Z_3YKWRAbHansroUUwDkyEKGkRUIdjVpG4xRIP3PvB-XtJd-521tBIj-kIPzSoYQ_6dIZn4G3oyHkn0trXKYYSisjhrg4rkT4hNI0NIxsGRDKjDsj_OM7dfI1jjd6yV337cUYY9sprGDFfFV2N3bDkYVK5eDunePYeoBtA/s1377/Part%201.%20The%20FALSE%20Translations%20of%201%20Corinthians%208:6!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6." border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="1377" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkTi2bRwgzCaciIx0kzGS0Z_3YKWRAbHansroUUwDkyEKGkRUIdjVpG4xRIP3PvB-XtJd-521tBIj-kIPzSoYQ_6dIZn4G3oyHkn0trXKYYSisjhrg4rkT4hNI0NIxsGRDKjDsj_OM7dfI1jjd6yV337cUYY9sprGDFfFV2N3bDkYVK5eDunePYeoBtA/w640-h356/Part%201.%20The%20FALSE%20Translations%20of%201%20Corinthians%208:6!.png" title="Part 1, The FALSE Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6!" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>In Part 1, I reveal what I believe are false and the deceptive, and the better translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Part 2, 1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Part 2, I reveal how 1 Corinthians 8:6 is undeniable proof and is an extremely powerful single scripture teaching by Paul, revealing a simple truth and understanding of how this proves there is <span style="color: red;">"ONE GOD"</span> who is <span style="color: red;">the Father alone</span> and ONE person on His own, who is<span style="color: red;"> The "One" and Only True GOD</span> of our Lord Jesus Christ, therefore debunking and exposing the falseness of those faiths contradicting the word of GOD who are teaching The One True GOD is the SON, or the SON is GOD, as with the Trinity faith, and the Oneness Pentecostal faith!</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Part 1, The FALSE Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6!</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The FALSE Translation of the Aramaic Bible in Plain English.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">To us, ours is one God The Father, for all things are from him and we are in him, and The One LORD JEHOVAH Yeshua The Messiah, for all things are by him, and we are also in his hand. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The word <span style="color: red;">"JEHOVAH"</span> is NOT in the Greek and better translations.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And it should be noted, The SON of GOD The Christ Jesus, is never called The One True GOD, or JEHOVAH, or Yahweh, or the GOD of Israel, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD, as GOD is the Creator.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Amplified Bible</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">yet for us there is but one God, the Father, who is the source of all things, and we exist for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things [that have been created], and we [believers exist and have life and have been redeemed] through Him. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying:<span style="color: red;"> [that have been created],</span> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">New Living Translation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">But for us, There is one God, the Father, by whom all things were created, and for whom we live. And there is one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things were created, and through whom we live. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying: <span style="color: red;">all things were created,</span> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Contemporary English Version</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">We have only one God, and he is the Father. He created everything, and we live for him. Jesus Christ is our only Lord. Everything was made by him, and by him life was given to us. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Everything was made by him, and by him life was given to us,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Good News Translation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">yet there is for us only one God, the Father, who is the Creator of all things and for whom we live; and there is only one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things were created and through whom we live. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying: <span style="color: red;">were created,</span> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Deceptive Translations of 1 Corinthians 8:6.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD'S WORD® Translation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">But for us, "There is only one God, the Father. Everything came from him, and we live for him. There is only one Lord, Jesus Christ. Everything came into being through him, and we live because of him." </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying:</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> Everything came into being,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father, who made everything come into being,</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">International Standard Version</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">yet for us there is only one God, the Father, from whom everything came into being and for whom we live. And there is only one Lord, Jesus the Messiah, through whom everything came into being and through whom we live. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying: <span style="color: red;">everything came into being,</span> are NOT in the Greek and better translations, and is therefore deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD and the same one Creator as GOD the Father, who made everything come into being,</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Smith's Literal Translation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">But to us one God, the Father, of whom all things, and we for him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> him. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The words saying: <span style="color: red;">"by" </span>him, is NOT correct and is Deceptive by deceiving people into believing Jesus is GOD, and that all things were created <span style="color: red;">"BY"</span> Him 👉GOD.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">More accurate and better translations, but not all perfect:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">King James Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But to us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> by </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">New King James Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet for us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and through whom we live.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">King James 2000 Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But to us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">New Heart English Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things, and we for him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we live through him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">World English Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we for him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we live through him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">American King James Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But to us there is but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">American Standard Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we unto him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">A Faithful Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Still, to us there is one God the Father, from Whom are all things, and we are in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things, and we are </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Darby Bible Translation</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us [there is] one God, the Father, of whom all things, and we for him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom [are] all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">English Revised Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we unto him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Webster's Bible Translation</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yet to us there is but one God, the Father, from whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Early Modern</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Geneva Bible of 1587</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yet vnto vs there is but one God, which is that Father, of whome are all things, and we in him: and one Lorde Iesus Christ, by whome are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Bishops' Bible of 1568</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yet vnto vs is there but one God, which is the father, of whom are all thinges, and we in him, and one Lorde Iesus Christe, by whom are al thinges, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Coverdale Bible of 1535</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet haue we but one God, euen the father, of who are all thinges, and we in him & one LORDE Iesus Christ, by who are all thinges, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Tyndale Bible of 1526</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet vnto vs is there but one god which is the father of whom are all thinges and we in him: and one lorde Iesus Christ by whom are all thinges and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Anderson New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things, and we for him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Godbey New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">but there is to us one God, the Father, from whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we in him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Haweis New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">but to us there is one God, the Father; of whom are all things, and we for him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Mace New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is but one God, the father, from whom are all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">by </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Weymouth New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet *we* have but one God, the Father, who is the source of all things and for whose service we exist, and but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom we and all things exist.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Worrell New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is One God, the Father, of Whom are all things, and we for Him; and One Lord Jesus Christ, through Whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Worsley New Testament</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and lords many,) yet to us there is but one God the Father, from whom are all things, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Literal Standard Version</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us [is] one God, the Father, of whom [are] all things, and we to Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom [are] all things, and we through Him;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Young's Literal Translation</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">yet to us is one God, the Father, of whom are the all things, and we to Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are the all things, and we through Him;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Smith's Literal Translation</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">But to us one God, the Father, of whom all things, and we for him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial;">by</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As we have seen in many of the translations above we have the word </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">(BY) </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Him, when the word should be <span style="color: red;">(THROUGH)</span> Him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: arial;">I believe the </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">the word </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">(BY) </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Him, is deceptive just like in some false translation like </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the King James Bible of Colossians 1:16 </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;">For </span><span>(</span>by)<span> </span><span style="color: red;">him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created </span>by<span style="color: red;"> him, and for him.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">When the correct translation says in </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Colossians 1:16 </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Berean Literal Bible: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">because </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(in)</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> Him were created all things in the heavens and upon the earth, the visible and the invisible, whether thrones or lordships or rulers or authorities; all things have been created </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(through)</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> Him and unto Him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So what we have is a deception by the biased Trinitarian translators using the wrong word for <span style="color: red;">(BY)</span>, instead of the correct word <span style="color: red;">(THROUGH),</span> which deceives people into believing Jesus is GOD, because <span style="color: red;">(BY)</span> Yahweh GOD alone HE created the Genesis creation </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Isaiah 44:24, Isaiah 48:12</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">What is Paul telling us in 1 </span></b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Corinthians 8:6</b></span><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">?</span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">Paul is referring to GOD's people 👉</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">yet to us👈</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The first chapter saying: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><u><b>yet to us</b></u> there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him;</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> is referring to Yahweh GOD alone as the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">"source"</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> of all things, which alone proves Jesus is NOT GOD.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Second chapter: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: arial;">through)</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> Him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Paul is NOT referring to <b>all things</b> in the <u><b>genesis creation</b></u> were created </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">(BY)</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> Jesus, as that would contradict what Yahweh GOD always tells us that HE ALONE, BY HIMSELF created the Genesis creation </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Isaiah 44:24, Isaiah 48:12</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span style="font-family: arial;">But Paul is telling us all NEW things GOD is re-creating by</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> the one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>(THROUGH) </b></span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Him.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> Note, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">and we </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>(THROUGH)</b></span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> Him,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> Jesus, as </span><span style="font-family: arial;">John 14:6: <span style="color: red;">Jesus </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;">says to him, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father, if not by Me.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know Paul is referring to the NEW CREATION by GOD <span style="color: red;">(THROUGH) </span>Jesus as in both 1 Corinthians 8:6 and Colossians 1:16, simply because Jesus was given:<span style="color: red;"> All authority in heaven and on the earth, </span>as we are told by Jesus in Matthew 28:18.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And so what Paul and Jesus tell us proves they are both referring to AFTER Jesus death and resurrection.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As Jesus was given: <span style="color: red;">All authority in heaven and on the earth</span> Matthew 28:18, which must conclude Jesus did not have <span style="color: red;">All authority in heaven and on the earth</span> BEFORE His death and resurrection.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>And as Jesus did not have All authority in heaven and on the earth BEFORE His death and resurrection, this must also conclude Jesus is not GOD, and was NOT with GOD as GOD's Mediator before Jesus was Begotten, just as Job tells us there was <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/job-date-1880-medium-painting.html">NO </a></span><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/job-date-1880-medium-painting.html"><span>Mediator between GOD and MAN </span><span>Job 9:33, Job 23:13</span></a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Literal Emphasis Translation</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But rather to us there is one God, the Father, from out of whom are all things and we unto Him and one Lord, Jesus Christ, <u><b>through</b></u> whom are all things and we <u><b>through</b></u> Him.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And here is the best translation from the Greek text Interlinear:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiotPz_K2_misnbnkRZSDzv7G6IZfQYUkG_XMjP1yIMRbQpUPA31L_bC3Yh8eHjMFGTiZas2-0heqOLC263QbfUn24oCqlu2EXWpZebhyiWQYP_D0A2TnMbh-B84-2NDiuEucUQI0FrG90GG_rkfsdg7nW0gLQ_3gP_htqhrtx4IlgtbAxBtp91zGXpjw/s1252/1%20Corinthians%208:6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="817" data-original-width="1252" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiotPz_K2_misnbnkRZSDzv7G6IZfQYUkG_XMjP1yIMRbQpUPA31L_bC3Yh8eHjMFGTiZas2-0heqOLC263QbfUn24oCqlu2EXWpZebhyiWQYP_D0A2TnMbh-B84-2NDiuEucUQI0FrG90GG_rkfsdg7nW0gLQ_3gP_htqhrtx4IlgtbAxBtp91zGXpjw/w640-h418/1%20Corinthians%208:6.png" title="Greek translation of 1 Corinthians 8:6." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIEbGC9trzQAYPOa8VWh9Bx0UWovIZ12eiAuNu0nb1ERmsJPyJkuBrMAQNY3ENff-QuKNUYa9L3m8h6tP1IAUfY-fPFlGNxN1bnTOr1CwfLOh8HY3c0QkypGK2UhB-AO1FFWfQS97OFUfZtgrfNnqgiajZyyKMV871tHbm4CaUbtUrZj-YwGhW-xgxcA/s1375/The%20correct%20translation%20of%201%20Corinthians%208:6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8/6" border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="1375" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIEbGC9trzQAYPOa8VWh9Bx0UWovIZ12eiAuNu0nb1ERmsJPyJkuBrMAQNY3ENff-QuKNUYa9L3m8h6tP1IAUfY-fPFlGNxN1bnTOr1CwfLOh8HY3c0QkypGK2UhB-AO1FFWfQS97OFUfZtgrfNnqgiajZyyKMV871tHbm4CaUbtUrZj-YwGhW-xgxcA/w640-h358/The%20correct%20translation%20of%201%20Corinthians%208:6.png" title="The correct translation of 1 Corinthians 8/6" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFhNONhzaEHkRq7Pw9FscIO93dnVmHtXwu8MTs-L2MLqBcmcHEVSrORgt8HSDAqaeGdXQCiG86_219BzgXBjiibJIMo39ti_CV-qliS36ncTvgxgdSc6c-O1cKmST2FfzL7C93RT-pBLLB9c0E-dqwZO5USQz7YWQByXP3GfK8RRmGXx8JlqeP1cFxA/s1384/1%20Corinthians%208:6,%20What%20Paul%20did%20not%20say!.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1384" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFhNONhzaEHkRq7Pw9FscIO93dnVmHtXwu8MTs-L2MLqBcmcHEVSrORgt8HSDAqaeGdXQCiG86_219BzgXBjiibJIMo39ti_CV-qliS36ncTvgxgdSc6c-O1cKmST2FfzL7C93RT-pBLLB9c0E-dqwZO5USQz7YWQByXP3GfK8RRmGXx8JlqeP1cFxA/w640-h358/1%20Corinthians%208:6,%20What%20Paul%20did%20not%20say!.png" title="1 Corinthians 8:6, Notice what Paul DID NOT SAY:" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Quick Facts!</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">1 Corinthians 8:6.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Notice what Paul </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>DID NOT SAY:</u></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, 👉</span><span style="font-size: large;">(who is Jesus Christ) 👈</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">of whom are all things, and we for Him.</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5d-ZBSoo_tVgznNtmsdcCgMwTWkn3RB2ng1rfUGhDIWIGPu48laqeUqFHXbmVWVHt-1r3rxMJ5JHobH4BM_CzE-EXJ6YxShyMYT63htc_5fSyHBVOQW4hEPNEg6v4dtvTp1nmQQS_khTSVKfrt9htI1DuCDBRASk9xHM2hDSJKD6C5Rk9w804y2Jpg/s1385/1%20Corinthians%208:6!%20Notice%20what%20Paul%20DID%20SAY:%20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6" border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1385" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5d-ZBSoo_tVgznNtmsdcCgMwTWkn3RB2ng1rfUGhDIWIGPu48laqeUqFHXbmVWVHt-1r3rxMJ5JHobH4BM_CzE-EXJ6YxShyMYT63htc_5fSyHBVOQW4hEPNEg6v4dtvTp1nmQQS_khTSVKfrt9htI1DuCDBRASk9xHM2hDSJKD6C5Rk9w804y2Jpg/w640-h360/1%20Corinthians%208:6!%20Notice%20what%20Paul%20DID%20SAY:%20.png" title="1 Corinthians 8:6! Notice what Paul DID SAY:" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 8:6. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Notice what Paul DID SAY: </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">yet to us there is one God the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">(AND) <span style="color: #01ffff;">one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we through Him.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>WE SEE TWO SEPARATE PERSONS <u><b>AND NOT ONE AND THE SAME GOD. </b></u></span>And The Father as GOD ALONE!</span></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Part 2, <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/part-2-1-corinthians-86-undeniable.html">1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD.</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/03/part-2-1-corinthians-86-undeniable.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="1 Corinthians 8:6" border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1394" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDy9O6Mya6Je9EjC2IJyGsLqwntgudxP3Bcb1l2HaKuEFPAsluwJWvPRKpD7SnHswVuuxhP7HA84L_bqGQJWl5FsNXTAHOQ7DZdTrlIcax0CGWd4oWMMRWfeuINjRPEhTePKEIoLp6vwQQWpdVBJag0fjPz61WgyQIlEMkC9CnQS1Mm0-TSC5k-MWesg/w640-h358/Part%202,%201%20Corinthians%208:6%20The%20undeniable%20proof%20Jesus%20is%20NOT%20GOD..png" title="Part 2, 1 Corinthians 8:6 The undeniable proof Jesus is NOT GOD." width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Related articles:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/1-corinthians-8-6"><span style="font-size: large;">Article on 1 Corinthians 8:6 by</span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/verses/1-corinthians-8-6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="102" data-original-width="382" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg2W-C_IZePOzPLRoZHELHKRKQwzIgWuugkiEImMUSrHXZxVLPoutCyuRJcEV1K5FARu-ObGbxwK7mYFJe_85pa9q-j7Trs5Ze1GIqnwKsTTuKhfFCnSd8dSDeDaXwbIRhPyKkh8RYJfIweTz8UNO8ERMtQ0leDxWhBZ6yGwJ0R20olgyvfswHUVjxHA/s320/www.biblicalunitarian.com%20%201%20Corinthians%208:6.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/1corinthians8_6.html">Article By <span style="text-align: left;">The Trinity Delusion 1 Corinthians 8:6</span></a></div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/1corinthians8_6.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="www.angelfire.com" border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="812" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7xMfJlOHqKsslRe3BYF8nmuyWtMieMA7jvxqqnONY4hrp4wl0jYvZMUVBdlKF3Tt1vKnjT5b59EvE4HwiDusienrrsea6RV8hEkiG9-pXmOrAUMtXiydceGXaIB2d56SSb5UqgSVC4tk3w2kZlQwxhXOXIXydhnF3f4O13xpHwNuS1kcbz-xdIpU0A/w320-h74/www.angelfire.com:space:thegospeltruth:trinity.png" title="www.angelfire.com 1 corinthians8_6." width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">My article:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-true-meaning-and-misunderstanding_13.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEichowfCgi-4Uw2DBBpiZl2glmX59f_aZuOVuWIPi0WajeCrp8kSyCwxCZlNXrf5L-1ueCbh_tmU0G5Fl7t_N4BmhMc9okDDZnzkhlgk5z3W_42Z7jAtB9x-33nPJLHUcR_eJ3t2Tq6f3CD/w640-h640/The+TRUE+Meaning+and+Misunderstanding+of+Colossians+16%252C+and+17.++.png" title="The TRUE Meaning and Misunderstanding of Colossians 1:16 and 1:17." width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-86514971266053210512023-02-26T11:23:00.004-08:002023-02-26T11:25:37.322-08:00The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY. Revised Video on You Tube!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Z4jjSNHn5sI" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Catholic TRINITY." border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEWr4rKp6o11y8KY6zcRVA41cLa15XcRALHvRZab6X1nkul6Zz0AjGvnDf5DkTFSwX4RopgV5AtGTEXWl_Fkec8HrC46nqTmrELfhsVoYpk9VsCiSqLOd-mhYYGQ5L-ZL_yyZinpZIhkqmYBUQ-kzp6GOkiFwKmNbDcwrj9-l-j2rXoCmigTrT1euDnw/w640-h360/The%20PAGAN%20gods%20and%20The%20Catholic%20TRINITY..jpg" title="The PAGAN gods and The Catholic TRINITY. Revised Video on You Tube!" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Click on the image to watch this video on you tube</span>!</div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Dear friends, I have revised half of this video by removing most of my voice over, as I know how Moses felt when he said to GOD he was not very good at talking.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Be blessed with this video dear friends, and use it as you wish to help the blind see, and the truth seekers not join the pagan trinity faith, denying the Father, and the Christ. Amen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please feel free to copy and add on your own channel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In this video, I reveal what I believe, how the Catholics adopted the concept of the TRINITY, One God as three persons from the TRINITY pagan gods, parting from the true faith, that GOD the Father is GOD alone on His own, and by making the TRINITY a new and false pagan religion in the forth century, which is now deceiving most of Christianity from the truth, by DENYING the Father and the SON and the Christ, by making them the same God, as written in 1 John 2:22.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Full article here <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-pagans-gods-and-catholic-trinity.html">https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-pagans-gods-and-catholic-trinity.html</a></span></p>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-58126722088306414502023-02-23T10:14:00.053-08:002023-03-10T23:43:52.373-08:00 How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven, If He Was Not In Heaven?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZC-e-I4bo0j6oEEH4oDfUEcXpV5W5EwybiiR7Pdwcga0ELnM3zQi8Y6j_N6W3xsI29B1bTxoUD76ZlqbwdWNsjL3D0nmYnTGLDpdtLNcmFbOsHdDKpPBxDNG2CDg-BEy5moG5W7v2WGe4Woll7QkpEmKZ8_zQu6nl7eY56SNlOO51EbAVEvy42OiWg/s1370/How%20Did%20Jesus%20COME%20DOWN%20From%20Heaven,%20If%20He%20Was%20Not%20In%20Heaven.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="John 6:38." border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1370" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZC-e-I4bo0j6oEEH4oDfUEcXpV5W5EwybiiR7Pdwcga0ELnM3zQi8Y6j_N6W3xsI29B1bTxoUD76ZlqbwdWNsjL3D0nmYnTGLDpdtLNcmFbOsHdDKpPBxDNG2CDg-BEy5moG5W7v2WGe4Woll7QkpEmKZ8_zQu6nl7eY56SNlOO51EbAVEvy42OiWg/w640-h358/How%20Did%20Jesus%20COME%20DOWN%20From%20Heaven,%20If%20He%20Was%20Not%20In%20Heaven.png" title="How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven, If He Was Not In Heaven?" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 6:38</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For I have come down from heaven, not that I should do My will, but the will of the One having sent Me.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Quick Facts:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Dear friends, firstly, may I please explain some of many and main reasons why I believe Jesus did not pre-exist His flesh.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus holds the unique titles as the New Adam, the Second Adam, the Last Adam, the Final Adam or the Ultimate Adam, 1 Corinthians 15:45-49,Romans 5:12-19.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we know Adam was a MAN, who did not pre-exist His flesh, who was a perfect MAN, made in the image of GOD, but fell.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And so came the Second Adam Jesus, for-filling all prophecies, who was the Image and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, and was no ordinary MAN, because He was also the Lamb, and the living, walking physical Word of GOD, making Him the Only Begotten of GOD, who is the Living BREAD that last's for ever when we eat this LIFE giving BREAD that came DOWN from Heaven.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is the Last Adam, the Final Adam or the Ultimate Adam, who did not fall, but did the whole will of GOD, and overcame all temptations, making Jesus the perfect Adam, so that He could be the Only and perfect Mediator between GOD and MAN, as Jesus was the Only perfect SON of MAN Begotten of GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In order to be the Last and perfect Adam, He had to be</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> a MAN like the first Adam, who did not pre exist his flesh like the first Adam.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD or Michael The Archangel, or some kind of pre-existing Spirit, He would not be a true MAN, or the Second Adam, or the Christ, or the Messiah, or the Only Begotten SON of GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Christ never did mean, I AM GOD, or an Angel who was reincarnated, but instead is the </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anointed One, the Messiah</span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> of GOD, who is</span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> sitting down at the right hand of the Majesty, One True Almighty GOD in heaven.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If Jesus were GOD, how then would Jesus sit down next to GOD?</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">If Jesus were GOD, who we know </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">is the </span><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anointed One of GOD, then He would be </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">the </span><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Anointed One of Himself.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD, then He would be the Son of Himself.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As Jesus has a GOD then how is Jesus that same GOD?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The One True GOD, does not have a One True GOD, so how is Jesus the One True GOD, when He said our GOD was His GOD?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This is why The One True GOD is called The One True GOD, because to be The One True GOD means what is says, and means to be ONE PERSON who is GOD alone, on his own, with no other GOD next to Him. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Isaiah 45:5</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> I am Yahweh, and there is no one else. Besides me, there is no God. I will strengthen you, though you have not known me,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now, when did GOD, ever say to Himself, or the Angels, </span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“Sit at My right hand, until I may place Your enemies as a footstool for Your feet”?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">This MAN the christ Jesus was the WORD ''OF'' 👉GOD.👈John 1:14.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Where as GOD is 👉The WORD.👈 John 1:1.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD did NOT become flesh.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD cannot die, Jesus died.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Word of GOD became flesh John 1:14.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD GAVE His SON John 3:16.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD did not give Himself which is a false Gospel denying the Father and the SON.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">On top of that, if Jesus were GOD, or Michael The Archangel, or some kind of pre-existing Spirit, how could He Sympathise with our weaknesses?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And this is why Jesus could not be anything else except 100% HUMAN, as we are told in Hebrews 4:15 Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For we do not have a high priest not being able to<b><u> sympathise</u></b> with our weaknesses, but one having been tempted in all things by the same way, without sin.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 2:17</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Therefore it behooved Him to be made like the brothers in all things, so that He might become a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, in order to make propitiation for the sins of the people.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Therefore, since the children have partaken of blood and of flesh, He also likewise took part in the same things, so that through His death He might destroy the one holding the power of death, that is, the devil.</span> Hebrews 2:14</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">With all that in mind, I believe, what most do not believe, that these very important facts out of many, prove Jesus could not have pre-existed His flesh.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">These two very important facts out of many, would then mean the enemy has deceived most of Christianity into believing in another false Christ, as with a pre-existing Christ, who is not a true HUMAN and the True Christ Jesus.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We MUST overcome, by doing our home work, and studying, so that we will believe in the true HUMAN Christ Jesus, because as we read: <span style="color: red;">the devil and Satan, deceiving the whole inhabited world. </span>Revelation 12:9.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Note what 1 John 5:5 tells us: <span style="color: red;">Now who is the one overcoming the world, except 👉<b>the one believing 👈that Jesus is the Son of God?</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you see that, as we do NOT read what most say and believe that we MUST believe Jesus is GOD, but that: <span style="color: red;">the one 👉<b><u>overcoming</u></b>👈 the world, except the one believing that 👉Jesus is the Son of God?👈</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Revelation 2:26</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">👉And the one <u><b>overcoming</b></u>👈 and keeping My works until the end, I will give to him authority over the nations.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Revelation 3:21</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">👉The one <u><b>overcoming,</b></u>👈 I will give to him to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read, how we MUST 👉<span style="color: red;">overcome</span>👈 the enemy, by believing in the true HUMAN and Christ Jesus. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And this is why I believe this is essential to know the true SON of MAN and Christ, as Jesus tells us in John 17:3, <span style="color: red;">this is eternal life!</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But HOW then did Jesus COME DOWN FROM HEAVEN, IF HE WAS NOT IN HEAVEN, in the first place?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well may I tell you what I believe?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus spoke in Parables and in a figure of speech, as He told us in Matthew 13:34-35, and John 16:25.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please see my FULL article below!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And if we examine what Jesus said and taught, I believe we discover Jesus was speaking BOTH, literally and Figuratively.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Lets have a quick LOOK!</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said in John 8:42, John 7:28 ,John 13:3, John 16:27, John 16:28, John 16:30, how He CAME from GOD His Father. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please see the full Scriptures in the FULL article below!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And as we know Jesus also taught us how His Father GOD is in the HEAVENS, and we know the HEAVENS are not in the earth but above the earth, Matthew 6:9:<span style="color: red;"> Therefore pray you like this: 'Our Father 👉in the heavens,👈</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Therefore, if we put the "two together" that Jesus is from GOD, and GOD is in the HEAVENS, what do we come up with?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, as Jesus is from GOD, and GOD is in the HEAVENS, and Jesus is FROM GOD who is IN the HEAVENS, that must conclude Jesus <span style="color: red;">CAME DOWN FROM GOD OUT OF THE HEAVENS.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And so this is LITERAL.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But on the other hand, as Jesus did not pre-exist His flesh, and was not literally ALIVE in HEAVEN WITH GOD, that would conclude Jesus was also talking FIGURATIVELY, when He said: </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">For I have come down from heaven, not that I should do My will, but the will of the One having sent Me.</span> John 6:38</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So I believe Jesus was talking BOTH, LITERALLY and FIGURATIVELY, because Jesus DID come DOWN from GOD who is in the heavens, but Jesus was NOT ALIVE with GOD in the HEAVENS.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And as Jesus said in John 8:23 <span style="color: red;">"You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I believe this is again BOTH LITERAL and a FIGURE of speech.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because, Jesus was NOT made from the DUST of the earth as Adam was, but was Begotten by the power and Spirit of GOD that came DOWN out of HEAVEN, and so He is NOT from this earthly world, making this LITERAL.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But again as Jesus was NOT ALIVE in the HEAVENS WITH GOD, Before He was BORN, but was Begotten in the woman's womb, then this is also a FIGURE of speech.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As Bible Scholar Sir Anthony Buzzard said: how all good things come from GOD above, as we read in James 1:17,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Every good act of giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation or shadow of shifting. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>Note, </span><span style="color: red;">every perfect gift is from </span><span style="color: red;">👉</span><span style="color: red;">above, <u><b>coming down from the Father of lights,</b></u></span><span style="color: red;">👈</span><span> just as GOD gave us His SON that CAME DOWN from GOD ABOVE:</span><span style="color: red;"><span> </span>For God so loved the world that 👉<b><u>He GAVE</u></b>👈 the only begotten Son, </span><span>(GOD DID NOT GIVE HIMSELF, but HIS Son) </span><span style="color: red;">so that everyone believing in Him should not perish, but should have eternal life.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well that's what I believe, but what do you believe?</span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">FULL ARTICLE:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Most of Christianity are very confused and deceived into believing in a PRE-EXISTING Christ, who they say was WITH GOD before He was Begotten and BORN in the woman's womb, all because of what Jesus said by saying: HE CAME DOWN FROM HEAVEN, as we read in scriptures like John 16:25, John 8:23, John 3:13, John 3:31, John 6:38, John 8:23.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So in this short article, if you don't mind, can I, little old me, an ordinary man off the street, help out by sharing with you what I now know Jesus meant when He said in verses like John 8:23 And He was saying to them, "You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The question is, did Jesus mean He was ALIVE in Heaven with GOD, before He CAME DOWN from GOD who is in Heaven?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Was Jesus talking literally?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, the simple answer is found in Matthew 13:34-35.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">34 Jesus spoke all these things to the crowds in parables, and He was not speaking to them without a parable, 35 so that it might be fulfilled that having been spoken by the prophet, saying: “I will open My mouth in parables; I will utter things hidden from the foundation of the world.”</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When Jesus also said: DRINK my BLOOD and EAT my FLESH, was He talking literally? </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">◄ John 6 ►</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">52 Therefore the Jews were arguing with one another, saying, “How is this man able to give us His flesh to eat?”</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">53 Therefore Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you shall have eaten the flesh of the Son of Man, and shall have drunk His blood, you do not have life in yourselves. 54<b><u> The one eating My flesh and drinking My blood</u></b> has eternal life, and I will raise him up in the last day. 55 For My flesh is true food, and My blood is true drink.</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">56 <u>The one eating My flesh and drinking My blood abides in Me, and I in him. </u>57 As the living Father sent Me and I live because of the Father, so also the one feeding on Me, he also will live because of Me. 58 This is the bread having come down from heaven, not as the fathers ate and died. The one eating this bread will live to the age.”</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Was Jesus teaching cannibalism? Well, of course not.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus always spoke in parables and in a figure of speech, metaphor's, idioms, as He said in John 16:25 until the end of his ministry Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I have spoken these things to you👉 <b>in allegories;</b> 👈an hour is coming when I will speak to you 👉no more in allegories, 👈but I will report to you plainly concerning the Father.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Now, the BREAD of GOD, is the WORD of GOD, that comes DOWN from GOD who is in HEAVENS </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Matthew 6:9.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And as Jesus is the WORD of GOD, and the WORD of GOD is the BREAD of GOD that gives life, which is the food that last's for ever, and the Spirit of GOD </span><span style="font-family: arial;">came DOWN from GOD out of Heaven and Jesus came from the Spirit of GOD</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> that came down from GOD, then Jesus came DOWN from GOD out of Heaven. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Luke 1:35. </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: center;">Matthew 3:17</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So it's both a figure of speech and literal.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 8:42</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said to them, "If God were your Father, you would have loved Me, for I came forth from God and am here; for not even have I come of Myself, but He sent Me.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 7:28</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Therefore Jesus cried out in the temple, teaching and saying, "You know Me and you know where I am from. And I have not come of Myself, but the One having sent Me is true, whom you do not know.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 13:3</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">knowing that the Father has given Him all things into the hands, and that He came forth from God and He is going to God,</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:27</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For the Father Himself loves you, because you have loved Me and have believed that I came forth from God.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:28</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I came forth from the Father and have come into the world; again I leave the world and go to the Father."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:30</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now we know that You know all things, and have no need that anyone should ask You. In this we believe that You came forth from God."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read, Jesus is from GOD.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus simply meant as He came from GOD, and not from the DUST as Adam did, and so He is NOT from this world, but is literally from GOD as He always taught, and as GOD is in heaven, then (figuratively) Jesus is from HEAVEN, which is why Jesus said He CAME DOWN FROM HEAVEN.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice what Jesus said, and WHERE our Father is in Matthew 6:9:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Therefore pray you like this: 'Our Father 👉in the heavens,👈 hallowed be Your name!</span> Matthew 6:9</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we know Jesus is from GOD, and GOD is 👉<span style="color: red;">in the heavens</span>👈 and so therefore this is why Jesus <span style="color: red;">CAME DOWN FROM HEAVEN,</span> which is also a figure of speech as He said in John 16:25.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">We should all know how the Bible very often talks FIGURATIVELY, in SYMBOLIC meanings, parables and in a figure of speech, metaphor's and idioms, and also has</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">literal meanings as </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Jesus is (The Son Of GOD) John 10:36.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Example:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus said in Matthew 17:20 Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And He said to them, "Because of your little faith. For truly I say to you, if you have faith as of a mustard seed, <u><b>you will say to this mountain, 'Move from here to there,' and it will move. </b></u>And nothing will be impossible for you."</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we know, we humans CANNOT move mountains, and so this is simply a phrase, an expression, “to move mountains” as a metaphor!</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But also knowing nothing is impossible with GOD, in that if we are truly in Him the ONE TRUE GOD, and in His One True Christ, they are in and with us, as GOD was with Moses, and in Jesus.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So, all though it is literal that Jesus came from GOD, and as GOD is in the heavens, and so Jesus came down from GOD who is in the heavens, this is also a figure of speech.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice in Luke 1:35 how "The Holy Spirit came DOWN FROM GOD out of heaven upon Mary, which is the power of the Most High GOD:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">And the angel answering, said to her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore also the Holy One being born will be called the Son of God.</span> Luke 1:35. </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Matthew 3:17.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">With all that in mind, I would now like to reveal what Jesus did NOT say about being in HEAVEN, and <span style="color: red;">Going BACK</span> to Heaven, or <span style="color: red;">RETURNING</span> to Heaven, as we would expect Jesus to say if it were true, that is, if Jesus was already in Heaven, before He was Born on the earth.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We read in John 13:3, English Standard Version</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus, knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he had come from God and was going 👉(back) 👈to God,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And we also read in John 16:28 New Living Translation</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yes, I came from the Father into the world, and now I will leave the world and 👉(return)👈 to the Father.”</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, did you know, the words saying: (<span style="color: red;">return</span> or <span style="color: red;">going back</span>) are FALSE, as they are NOT in the oldest Greek Bibles, and are DECEIVING MOST into believing Jesus was alive WITH GOD before He was BORN as a MAN in the womb of Mary.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Please see my article below: </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/john-133-false-trinitarian-translation.html">John 13:3, and John 16:28 FALSE TRINITARIAN TRANSLATIONS.</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In John 17:5 we read Jesus saying: <span style="color: red;">And now glorify Me, You Father, with Yourself, with the glory that I had with You before the world existed.</span> BLB.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> John 17:5 is also misunderstood by most of Christianity who believe Jesus was saying He existed with GOD before the world existed.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But the truth is Jesus is not talking about being ALIVE WITH GOD before the world existed. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is instead referring to GLORY, before the world existed. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">NOT existing with GOD before the world existed. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">BLB</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And what is that GLORY before the world existed?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I would like to close this article by finishing with: <a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/john17_5.html">The Trinity Delusion,</a> as I could not explain John 17:5 any better myself.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Bare in mind, the <a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/john17_5.html">The Trinity Delusion,</a> website is exposing the TRINITY, and so therefore is aimed at Trinitarian false teachings.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Immediate Context</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Trinitarian interpretation of John 17:4 ignores the immediately preceding context. Carefully regard what Jesus is talking about in the preceding verses:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Father, the hour has come; glorify Your Son, that the Son may glorify You.... I glorified You on the earth, having accomplished the work which You have given me to do. Now, Father, glorify me together alongside Yourself, to that the glory I had...</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus tells us that he had glorified the Father on earth. How did he do this? The Gospel of John makes it quite clear to us. The Father abiding in Jesus did the works (14:10). Jesus glorified the Father in terms of the works he did in the name of the Father (5:43). Having glorified the Father (17:4), he then asks the Father to glorify him (17:5). The works Jesus did manifested his glory (2:11). Jesus said he did not glorify himself in terms of who he was but it was his Father who glorified him (8:54). This is because the Father abiding in him did the works (14:10) and in this way "the glory that comes from the only God" are those works Jesus was saying and going (5:43-44). In this way, the Father was glorified in him (12:28; 17:4), glorified in terms of the works Jesus did since he came in his Father's name to do the Father's works (10:32) and the Father abiding in him did those works.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Note also how Jesus is asking to be glorified so that he will glorify the Father in that glorification. Additionally, notice how Jesus said that he glorified the Father on the earth in verse 17:4. Now compare this fact with the following:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">"to that glory I had before the world."</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The glory which Jesus had alongside (para) the Father before the world isn't referring to a glory which Jesus had before the creation of the heavens and the earth. He is referring to the glory he had alongside (para) the Father in terms of the works he was doing before the people of the world (17:4), those who hated Jesus and the disciples who are not of the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I speak the things which I have seen para my Father; therefore you also do the things which you heard para your father. 8:38</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How can you believe, when you receive glory para one another and you do not seek the glory that is para the one and only God? 5:44</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now they have come to know that everything You have given me is para You. 17:7.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">7. Summary: Translation</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The facts show us that John's words are being entirely misconstrued by Trinitarian interpreters. Jesus' words, (lit.) "and now glorify me You Father alongside you to that glory I had before the the world to be alongside you" mean that Jesus is asking to be glorified to that glory he had alongside the Father in terms of the works he did before the world who hates Jesus and his disciples. These works manifested his glory and glorified the Father who was abiding in him doing the works and who glorified Jesus in this manner concerning these works. At John 17:5, Jesus wants to be glorified to that glory which he had alongside Father before the world who hated him when he did those works and which glory is "to be (einai) alongside You"</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Truly, truly, I say to you, the Son can do nothing of himself, unless it is something he sees the Father doing; for whatever the Father does, these things the Son likewise does. 5:19.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus was the Lamb who had been slain from the foundation of the world. Trinitarians and everyone else knows this does not mean a crucifixion event pre-existed. It is referring to God's predestination and His predestined things are realities from the foundation of the world since He has been finished all His works from the foundation of the world. And He also set the times and seasons these realities will be manifested in our time and space of creation.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If we accept a typical Trinitarian translation of this verse, the Scriptural facts show us that the Trinitarian claim here is unwarranted. The Scripture speaks of Christians who were chosen before the foundation of the world and who had grace given to them before the times of the ages. This language does not mean the self consciously pre-existed yet at John 17:5 this is what Trinitarians are claiming such language necessarily means when the Scriptures show us plainly that this is incorrect.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But the Trinitarian claim has even more problems. A simple review of the context, and the word "world" in this context, shows that Trinitarians are entirely off base. At John 17:4, Jesus is referring to how he glorified the Father in terms of the works he was doing. And since the Father abiding in Jesus did the works (14:10), the Father glorified Jesus in terms of the works he was doing (5:44; 8:54). The facts force us to interpret the Greek text of John 17:5 to mean that Jesus is asking to be glorified to that glory, that is, the glory he had with the Father in terms of the works the Father did through him.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Lamb who had been slain from the foundation of the world. Revelation 13:8.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Full article by The Trinity Delusion HERE: <a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/john17_5.html">https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/john17_5.html</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.angelfire.com/space/thegospeltruth/TTD/verses/john6_38.html">Also read John 6:38 by The Trinity Delusion.</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please see my related articles below:</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 6:38. How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven If He Did NOT PRE-EXIST His flesh?</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/03/and-great-dragon-was-thrown-out-ancient.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="John 6:38." border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIYmA8ZdnYiFCXCmeBTeC3PMpJVGvmCAbFcxwV7L_atFsbSC-N0kOZIeBvP3AjZDNLIRY2fTdGLQ-bmdMUp4LgH2lgc7OkoRhBHwIEZjXw8dU9szLnMKeDr-6xf2OIttFwwP4Marp9waLq/w640-h360/john+6-38...jpg" title="John 6:38. How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven If He Did NOT PRE-EXIST His flesh?" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/john-133-false-trinitarian-translation.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="John 13:3, John 16:28," border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSGxMtk0-auo_DDvwPHCrkQtK6aH2E9AniqUhtPbbY-mrrqCH-dp96o_B-3h5GaykQPYpTmYD80M1p0Ze0mv-gjvo7iI5k3yk_RODYXqeIgoxmQAZUGIHR0rZR-evfbF5u1qybY7apBqzy/w640-h360/John+13-3+and+16-28+FALSE++TRINITARIAN+TRANSLATIONS..jpg" title="John 13:3, and John 16:28 FALSE TRINITARIAN TRANSLATIONS." width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/06/john-840-false-trinitarian-translations.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="John 8:40" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXmkpVfkm96Xmnzwdl9DOXJYnI1_77fbptDLpxQdWTnojZmZ1uGReY-A84zcyUQPPvgZYhWD6n9Y6X-TEHFB8QgaDe1uvx9YhWXGeQZH7GxiWFhLOsEUl_r0sGjZv25L73t8ZOogB67I-H/w640-h360/John+8-40..jpg" title="John 8:40 The FALSE Trinitarian Translations, And MORE Biblical Facts Jesus Did NOT PRE-EXIST His Flesh." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2023/02/is-jesus-michael-angel.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Michael The Archangel!" border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1324" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEied6jhr8t-L8qZTqKYGsowlx0k_fUTlyhQ4p6U3eYvtACcCUFWtnuxQ53GfDhmwpq5QbBdLLJFtHqBFrErnUIvkPiXzo5quAWzCebCueANC4QtgjnRjKTYEk0IGT0UZ5Ms0buSfofjrXWN-G0u3U1p4CQVl9srvg0LXbtlmG2UgjTAYnTSrj4w9Ttk8w/w640-h358/Is%20Jesus%20Michael%20The%20Archangel.png" title="Is Jesus Michael The Archangel!" width="640" /></span></a></div><br />Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6698763270415333358.post-81429265964930809482023-02-14T03:11:00.137-08:002023-06-02T07:35:15.681-07:00 Is Jesus Michael The Archangel! <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ESFJvM_LycEm4IHNxZ9oGkf3WlTXiU48aXyuRpoHTl0Py-PnwAVtwb_4FUuySYSPF8apS9dwqeY7JBWKlAk7PmOwfwnjVHHIjYklp5SI-k3WRp_AAtazOOmXjb9Yavc11nwtz4mFreGxvASjV61JZUYPWNBP5CgmrM1M2SZ06ZHlskEltDeGHc5MQA/s1324/Is%20Jesus%20Michael%20The%20Archangel.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="According to Jehovah Witnesses, Jesus pre-existed as Michael the Archangel." border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1324" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ESFJvM_LycEm4IHNxZ9oGkf3WlTXiU48aXyuRpoHTl0Py-PnwAVtwb_4FUuySYSPF8apS9dwqeY7JBWKlAk7PmOwfwnjVHHIjYklp5SI-k3WRp_AAtazOOmXjb9Yavc11nwtz4mFreGxvASjV61JZUYPWNBP5CgmrM1M2SZ06ZHlskEltDeGHc5MQA/w640-h358/Is%20Jesus%20Michael%20The%20Archangel.png" title="Is Jesus Michael the Archangel" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Research by Simon Brown. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">10 QUICK FACTS!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) The Jehovah Witnesses say, believe and teach Jesus is Michael the Archangel, So lets start off with the best 10 reasons why I believe Jesus CANNOT possibly be Michael the Archangel.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know Jesus DIED, as He confirmed in Revelation 1:17-18.</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And when I saw Him, I fell at His feet as though dead. And He placed His right hand upon me, saying, "Fear not. I am the First and the Last,</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and the Living One. <b><u>And I was dead,</u></b> and behold I am living to the ages of the ages, and I have the keys of Death and of Hades.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As Jesus DIED, this simply PROVES Jesus could NOT possibly be Michael the Archangel, simply because GOD's Holy angels cannot die! <u><b>Yet we know Jesus DIED. </b></u></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2) Yahweh The One True GOD confirms countless times how He <u><b>alone, by himself </b></u>created the world as in scriptures </span><span style="font-family: arial;">like </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Isaiah 44:24, and Isaiah 40:28.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzkxMycGcR1KRRIuAEWmLj0sxuQ1LS_FHMCv3afmE_JfNWU5gMCJyK8d47dtbckjeS-Kpk9nn51uFA8AgYjoxRGIdgZpqqfuaVlYciIwmuBalOQ3huI3zHtV-kTOZzN5_4xaQATa3_5XbtqNA_J6AgG8VunPpUUMEodapRnRo893y2LaerDgs8a4SBQ/s1390/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Yahweh God is GOD AND CREATOR ALONE." border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="1390" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNzkxMycGcR1KRRIuAEWmLj0sxuQ1LS_FHMCv3afmE_JfNWU5gMCJyK8d47dtbckjeS-Kpk9nn51uFA8AgYjoxRGIdgZpqqfuaVlYciIwmuBalOQ3huI3zHtV-kTOZzN5_4xaQATa3_5XbtqNA_J6AgG8VunPpUUMEodapRnRo893y2LaerDgs8a4SBQ/w640-h110/Isaiah%2044_24.%20GOD%20is%20GOD%20ALONE..png" title="Isaiah 44:24" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd-NccFEd5WNK849VuIRHxVoplNbviGFfyP9EBlrl8VPZr_HThTynI2YyM86S2KeovCTuAB5WfOl8LVBfzhER6Xd10ewWoMvOOmdbHrHwjBRwgz4ZBN4RddDiB8M-tMdIMVQObS4bvtegnOeb91gGGf-zjSA9PrQ1yO6fJVspJ8p0zdn5dGLnn7OFwdw/s1189/%E2%97%84%20Isaiah%2040:28%20%E2%96%BA%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="GOD IS GOD ALONE ON HIS OWN." border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="1189" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd-NccFEd5WNK849VuIRHxVoplNbviGFfyP9EBlrl8VPZr_HThTynI2YyM86S2KeovCTuAB5WfOl8LVBfzhER6Xd10ewWoMvOOmdbHrHwjBRwgz4ZBN4RddDiB8M-tMdIMVQObS4bvtegnOeb91gGGf-zjSA9PrQ1yO6fJVspJ8p0zdn5dGLnn7OFwdw/w640-h102/%E2%97%84%20Isaiah%2040:28%20%E2%96%BA%20.png" title="Isaiah 40:28" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3) Jesus Himself, never, ever, claims He was with His Father GOD at the creation of the world, or that GOD created all things through Him, but instead Jesus confirms how His Father alone created Adam and Eve as seen in </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Matthew 19:4 </span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And answering He said, "Have you not read that the 👉<b><u>(One)</u></b> 👈having created from the beginning 'made them male and female.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Notice </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">👉(One) 👈 </span><span style="font-family: arial;">as for the (<span style="color: red;">One)</span> true Father GOD alone, on His own!</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZucjMj4PesIj1Vz0Ru2_QQBF2Zg6-l-Nud_uUafXTqKoUSZnXCw313sK9qXiEa0TWrDxwfgb0G0FzH38wXhKzmfasei4DvLB4HON5ZWG0Bu6MLsse4SMzOMMHNT1i4ivABNzr8Rq2UfxDkKCJZAIzfzHQzJYD-PaVoWudnPE4PXXqKLrTgWeoapaBOw/s1192/Matthew%2019:4%20.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Matthew 19:4" border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="1192" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZucjMj4PesIj1Vz0Ru2_QQBF2Zg6-l-Nud_uUafXTqKoUSZnXCw313sK9qXiEa0TWrDxwfgb0G0FzH38wXhKzmfasei4DvLB4HON5ZWG0Bu6MLsse4SMzOMMHNT1i4ivABNzr8Rq2UfxDkKCJZAIzfzHQzJYD-PaVoWudnPE4PXXqKLrTgWeoapaBOw/w640-h86/Matthew%2019:4%20.png" title="Notice the 👉(One) 👈 as for the (One) true Father GOD alone, on His own!" width="640" /></a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Matthew 19:4 also debunks the Trinity!</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">4) Jesus holds the unique titles as the New Adam, the Second Adam, the Last Adam, the Final Adam or the Ultimate Adam, 1 Corinthians 15:45-49,Romans 5:12-19.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we know Adam was a MAN, who did not pre-exist His flesh, and so the Second Adam Jesus came, who is the Last Adam, the Final Adam or the Ultimate Adam, who also MUST be a MAN like the first Adam, and who did not pre exist his flesh like the first Adam.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus were GOD or Michael The Archangel, or some kind of pre-existing Spirit, He would not be a true MAN, and the Second Adam Jesus, or the Christ.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">With all that in mind, proves Jesus could not have pre-existed.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And this is why I believe it is essential to know the true Christ, as Jesus tells us in John 17:3.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">5) Another great title of Jesus as, <span style="color: red;"><b><u>the Son of Man!</u></b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The expression "the Son of man" appears 81 times in the Koine Greek of the four Gospels: 30 times in Matthew, 14 times in Mark, 25 times in Luke and 12 times in John.[3][7] </span></div><div><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">3. Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado, ISBN 0-8028-3167-2 Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2005 pages 290-293</span></div><div><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">7.The Son of Man by Chrys C. Caragounis 1986 ISBN 3-16-144963-0 page 145-147</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">At this stage I can say, we know when Jesus said He was (the SON of MAN) He was referring to an amazing Old Testament Prophecy of Himself, and a messianic title derived from the Book of Daniel 7:13-14.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And as the first Women Eve was taken from the First MAN Adam, this confirms WHY Jesus so often called Himself (The Son of MAN), as Jesus was affirming His human form, and is affirming his humanity, as a MAN.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As Adam means MAN, and Jesus was BORN as a HUMAN, John 1:14, this explains WHY Christ is called (the Son of Man) as the entire HUMAN line of descent is traced back to the first MAN Adam, hence the term, Christ is called (the Son of Man), traced back to the first MAN Adam, is being recalled.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Son of Man, is a direct reference to Jesus as coming from the first MAN ADAM.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When Jesus said so many times He was (the Son of Man), Jesus was confirming His humanity as a MAN, hence, the first human.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My research proves Jesus was continually making a distinction between Himself as being a HUMAN BEING, and NOT a pre existing being, or GOD.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">6) Jesus is never, ever, called a pre existing being, but always as a MAN as FLESH, Zechariah 6:12, John 1:14, Acts 2:22, John 8:40, 1 Timothy 2:5 Berean Literal Bible</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, 👉 the man 👈 Christ Jesus.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 15:47 </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The first man was made of dust from the earth, the second 👉 man 👈 from heaven.</span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">Did you notice how we do not read in 1 Corinthians 15:47 that the second man from heaven was an Angel?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And did you also notice how the word of GOD often talks FIGURATIVELY, because we read Paul saying Jesus was the second man from heaven.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, as we know, flesh and blood or MAN, CANNOT live in heaven.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Many are confused with the Bibles teaching of Jesus coming DOWN FROM HEAVEN.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Not understanding that Jesus and the word of GOD often spoke in parables and in a figure of speech, metaphor's, idioms, and symbolic meanings, </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">as Jesus said in John 16:25 until the end of his ministry.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">7) Jesus is always plainly and clearly IDENTIFIED:</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called Jesus, Matthew 1:21, Matthew 1:25, Luke 1:31, the Lamb of GOD John 1:29, Saviour and Christ, "the Anointed One", Lord, and Messiah Luke 2:11, Matthew 16:16, Matthew 16:20.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">the SON of GOD John 10:36, Matthew 16:16, Revelation 2:18, the Only Begotten Son of GOD, John 1:18, John 3:16, Immanuel Matthew 1:23.23, the bread of life John 6:35.5, the living bread that came down from heaven. John 6:51, the light of the world John 8:23, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">John 9:5, </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">the Son of Man John 8:28, the door, John 10:9, the good shepherd. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. John 10:11, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the resurrection and the life John 11:25, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the way, and the truth, and the life John 14:6, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the true vine John 15:1, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the Messenger of great counsel Isaiah 9:6, the Greek Septuagint,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the First and the Last Revelation 1:18, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the messenger of the church in Smyrna Revelation 2:8, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the Holy One, the True One, Revelation 3:7, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the faithful and true Witness, the Beginning of God’s creation Revelation 3:14.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we have seen, there are many GREAT names and Titles for Jesus, but NOT a single word saying Jesus is a pre-existing Angel, or that His name is called Saint Michael, or that He is Michael the Archangel, or that He pre-existed as a Spirit being, or that He is called GOD Almighty. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">8) Jesus is not mentioned in Hebrew 1:1, but only: <span style="color: red;">God, having spoken long ago to our fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>And so Hebrews 1:1 proves Jesus was not yet in existence, </span><span>until His arrival in Hebrews 1:2👉</span><span style="color: red;"> <u><b>in these last days</b></u>👈 has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, <b>and through whom He made the ages.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>9) </span>We now move to the (unique) WORDS of Job 23:13, <span style="color: red;">GOD is ONE BEING with NO MEDIATOR!</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Job 9:33 tells us: <span style="color: red;">Nor is there a mediator between us, to lay his hand upon us both. </span>Job 9:33</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We clearly see how Job tells us there is NOT A MEDIATOR, and praying how we need A MEDIATOR, between GOD and MAN, which GOD so wonderfully already had known and planned, before the foundations of the world 1 Peter 1:20.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>10) In Hebrews 1:</span><span>4,5</span><span style="color: red;"> </span><span>we read how Jesus is </span><span>much superior to the angels</span><span style="color: red;">, and</span><span style="color: red;"> For to which of the angels did He ever say: </span><span style="color: red;">“You are my Son; </span><span style="color: red;">today I have begotten You”? </span><span style="color: red;">6 And again, when He brings the Firstborn into the world, He says: </span><u style="color: red;"><b>“And let all God’s angels worship Him.” </b></u><span>Please notice there, how Angels worship Jesus, and not Angels worshiping</span><span> </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span>Michael The Archangel.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact in Revelation 22:8,9, we read how John was told NOT to worship the Angels: </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><span></span><span><a name='more'></a></span><span><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">FULL ARTICLE!</span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In this article:</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What do the </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Jehovah Witnesses believe?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">How Jesus always IDENTIFIED Himself.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Who is Michael the Archangel?</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We see how Yahweh GOD alone is GOD and creator alone.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">We read how Jesus is NOT PRE-EXISTING, but is instead (FOREKNOWN).</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;">We look at the false translations of Hebrews 1:2.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We look at the greatest misunderstanding in the whole Bible of John 1;1.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">We will see how </span><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;">Proverbs 8: onwards is about Lady WISDOM depicted as a SHE, not Jesus.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We will see how most of Christianity do not understand what Jesus meant by saying <u><b><span style="color: red;">I came down from heaven.</span></b></u></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Plus much more!</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">---------------------------------</span></div><div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">According to Jehovah Witnesses, Jesus pre-existed as Michael t</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">he Archangel.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Revelation 12:9, we read how the devil has deceived the whole inhabited world.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Has the Devil also deceived the Jehovah Witnesses into believing in another one of countless false Christ's?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets find out!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">At this point, there is some good news, as the Jehovah Witnesses have overcome the deceptions which most of Christianity have not overcome, by correctly understanding and believing how Yahweh GOD the Father is The ONE TRUE Father and GOD alone on His own.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/12/what-is-difference-between-trinity.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Is GOD three called the Trinity?" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRkljzrfD7sUsql5crUNKI4LmYh5XZP8-x52x4Ohf9FFcHlrCGg8HHyFv1K7IDb52LfoBkmk0eXHKEEUrrhKOcBqfnmIg8kmZE2SM8PVdyo2K7N6f6taA4V60UgwWCnsG2_eB-d9APPhqMzOxG_1EqD6wKtOhl0aDBpdG3TMXFk70KtnNivCvK_DCFeg=w640-h360" title="What is The Difference Between The TRINITY Faith and God, and The One True Faith and GOD!" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Click <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/12/what-is-difference-between-trinity.html">HERE,</a> or on the image to read this article</span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But even so, how will the Jehovah Witnesses cometh to the Father, if they have a false Christ?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because, as Jesus said in John 14:6, there is NO WAY to the Father except through Him the true MAN and Christ, who is the only one TRUE mediator between The ONE TRUE GOD and the human race.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Do most of Christianity correctly understand what the</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> Jehovah Witnesses</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> do not understand, that Jesus did not pre-exist as </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Michael the </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Archangel?</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And yet who is more deceived and confused, as most of Christianity believe the SON of GOD pre-existed as GOD Himself. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Which would mean the SON of GOD is the SON of Himself!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">While on the other hand, the Jehovah Witnesses correctly understand what </span><span style="font-family: arial;">most of Christianity do not understand</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> that GOD is GOD alone, by Himself.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Let's examine the Biblical facts, and see what the word of GOD reveals about GOD's only one and TRUE Begotten SON and Christ. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Are the Jehovah Witnesses correct? </b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did Jesus pre-exist as Michael the </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Archangel?</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please may we first acquaint ourselves with what the Jehovah Witnesses say, believe and teach as seen on their web site below:</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Who Is the Archangel Michael? <a href="https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png">https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png</a></span></p><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: center;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/archangel-michael/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Who Is the Archangel Michael?" border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1142" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW0pit9O4Ga-bRqLK9hTO9dhWuqlmkCcZz3k6ALwU1UBjkAL4Iyj1VfjRTrDxKhXqlqRI--GbXPxe_VMe73zpLKeNxeU5gn_wk2gprVBsmgtIIPxJVJNi94hwiv8z5lNdvaXBhyHVLiFB7FX1DDZkphKD8h_uNEucKr3E0qw2ztTmGA55V7sJ3HriH1g/w640-h402/Who%20Is%20the%20Archangel%20Michael%3F%20https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" title="Who Is the Archangel Michael? www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/archangel-michael/" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">You can click on this image to take you directly to: <a href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/archangel-michael/">https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/archangel-michael/</a></div></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxgEHSI6xj38miyALPcWWPYrmh_nINelyevbKOLgqD-qlMoIJjqbZIphxhvr-cYKtbKA4JgxEpJE4I_QL1rl-VCCGKrg3zQRICrt3MNChduN6W9IrLZDNoBhnWbgHFhT30ZbMLKi-EUQh7MovDDKPfiK-3WbClDsqgwSgQEmsZhs7Jlv42b20wCH7vSw/s769/NO%202%20The%20Bible%E2%80%99s%20answer.%20https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Is Jesus Michael the Archangel?" border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="769" height="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxgEHSI6xj38miyALPcWWPYrmh_nINelyevbKOLgqD-qlMoIJjqbZIphxhvr-cYKtbKA4JgxEpJE4I_QL1rl-VCCGKrg3zQRICrt3MNChduN6W9IrLZDNoBhnWbgHFhT30ZbMLKi-EUQh7MovDDKPfiK-3WbClDsqgwSgQEmsZhs7Jlv42b20wCH7vSw/w640-h610/NO%202%20The%20Bible%E2%80%99s%20answer.%20https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" title="NO 2 The Bible’s answer. https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9kC7BmnsX-xCw6R21lJdJr6DPnYNO9an3lA4QZ-_sDJv93yatQvQkv3qlTxguqjd0SpHn-vqcbHTsUIUvz_CahlIcvyrHVfncgp_QmaygjZjzLJ2tNUm6WaYr79X-rgnV1hvzGqy4oY-GaIpnF48K2u9SvxXLM-DgEUGwB7MbbEST4CXmRWqHIX5yw/s753/NO%203%20https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="NO 3 https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="753" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ9kC7BmnsX-xCw6R21lJdJr6DPnYNO9an3lA4QZ-_sDJv93yatQvQkv3qlTxguqjd0SpHn-vqcbHTsUIUvz_CahlIcvyrHVfncgp_QmaygjZjzLJ2tNUm6WaYr79X-rgnV1hvzGqy4oY-GaIpnF48K2u9SvxXLM-DgEUGwB7MbbEST4CXmRWqHIX5yw/w640-h558/NO%203%20https:::www.jw.org:en:bible-teachings:questions:archangel-michael:.png" title="Is Jesus Michael the Archangel?" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And here are some comments I have received on my you tube channel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please see below some more reasons why the Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus pre-existed as Michael the Angel. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We continue with a popular verse used by the lovely Jehovah Witnesses which they believe proves Jesus pre-existed His flesh.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Micah 5:2) <span style="color: red;">And you, O Bethʹle·hem Ephʹra·thah, The one too little to be among the thousands of Judah, From you will come out for me the one to be ruler in Israel, WHOSE ORIGIN IS FROM ANCIENT TIMES, from the days of long ago.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">For the correct understanding of </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(Micah 5:2) please see my article here: </span><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-truth-confusion-and-deception-of.html"><span style="font-family: arial;">Micah 5:2 </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The Correct understanding.</span></a></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">According to what Jehovah Witnesses believe:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: medium;">Normal humans have an origin at conception. Jesus pre-existed his human birth.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">John 8:23 (Jesus) went on to say to them: “You are from the realms below; I AM FROM THE REALMS ABOVE. You are from this world; I AM NOT FROM THE WORLD. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I believe that Jesus knew where he came from.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Ignoring all these scriptures wouldn't make them disappear.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> It is there staring us in the face.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">If I ask, "Which of the Horses was used in the parade?"</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The answer logically will be a particular Horse and not an Elephant.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">'To WHICH OF THE ANGELS did God...' - Hebrews 1:5,13.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(Hebrews 1:9) You loved righteousness, and you hated lawlessness. That is why God, YOUR GOD, anointed you with the oil of exultation more than YOUR COMPANIONS.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Who are Jesus' companions over whom God chose Jesus? Obviously other ANGELS.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jesus is now superior to angels because God promoted him to a superior position. The prophesied 'mighty god' of Isaiah 9:6.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">(Philippians 2:9) For this very reason, God exalted him to a superior position and kindly gave him the name that is above every other name,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: medium;">God will not command any angel to worship Jesus, thus, breaking his own law (Exodus 20:3). The word worship in Greek is similar to the word love in English.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Love for God and for good food doesn't mean the same type of love.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">By Tonga Khan</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">To Is The Creator A TRIAD GOD? : If we read Daniel 7:13,14, we are show a heavenly scene. An angel is chosen who is LIKENED to a Son of Man. He is NOT a Son of Man. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This chosen angel is brought before God by the other angels and God confers on this chosen angel rulership and stuff. Before that happens this angel is SENT to become a human to pay off the penalty imposed on Adam. (cf Exodus 21:23) (Philippians 2:7) No, but he emptied himself (of his angelic spirit form) and took a slave’s form and BECAME A HUMAN. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Jesus was a TRANSFER of an angel into the womb of Mary to become a human. Nothing of Mary was used except the womb environment. Thus, Jesus didn't inherit defective genes. 1 Corinthians 15:45 So it is written: “The first man Adam became a living person.” The last Adam became a life-giving spirit. Jesus couldn't give anyone life while being a human. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">He dies and is resurrected back into his spirit form by God (1 Peter 3:18). Psalms 49:7 None of them can ever redeem a brother Or give to God a ransom for him, 8 (The ransom price for their life is so precious That it is always beyond their reach); If Jesus was a mere human, we would still be without hope. Matthew 20:28 Just as the Son of man came, not to be ministered to, but to minister and to GIVE HIS LIFE AS A RANSOM in exchange for many.” Let me know what about the above scriptures doesn't make sense. I'll help if possible.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Yes you are right I actually just spoke to a Jehovah witnesses the other day and this is the explanation he gave me in regards to Jesus, you can kick around and see what you can come up with, and I quote " spirit creature called Michael is not mentioned often in the Bible. However, when he is referred to, he is in action. In the book of Daniel, Michael is battling wicked angels; in the letter of Jude, he is disputing with Satan; and in Revelation, he is waging war with the Devil and his demons. By defending Jehovah’s rulership and fighting God’s enemies, Michael lives up to the meaning of his name—“Who Is Like God?” But who is Michael? At times, individuals are known by more than one name. For example, the patriarch Jacob is also known as Israel, and the apostle Peter, as Simon. (Genesis 49:1, 2; Matthew 10:2) Likewise, the Bible indicates that Michael is another name for Jesus Christ, before and after his life on earth. Let us consider Scriptural reasons for drawing that conclusion. Archangel. God’s Word refers to Michael “the archangel.” (Jude 9) This term means “chief angel.” Notice that Michael is called the archangel. This suggests that there is only one such angel. In fact, the term “archangel” occurs in the Bible only in the singular, never in the plural. Moreover, Jesus is linked with the office of archangel. Regarding the resurrected Lord Jesus Christ, 1 Thessalonians 4:16 states: “The Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel’s voice.” Thus the voice of Jesus is described as being that of an archangel. This scripture therefore suggests that Jesus himself is the archangel Michael. Army Leader. The Bible states that “Michael and his angels battled with the dragon . . . and its angels.” (Revelation 12:7) Thus, Michael is the Leader of an army of faithful angels. Revelation also describes Jesus as the Leader of an army of faithful angels. (Revelation 19:14-16) And the apostle Paul specifically mentions “the Lord Jesus” and “his powerful angels.” (2 Thessalonians 1:7) So the Bible speaks of both Michael and “his angels” and Jesus and “his angels.” (Matthew 13:41; 16:27; 24:31; 1 Peter 3:22) Since God’s Word nowhere indicates that there are two armies of faithful angels in heaven—one headed by Michael and one headed by Jesus—it is logical to conclude that Michael is none other than Jesus Christ in his heavenly role. The Jehovah's witnesses might have sent me more, info I will just have to dig a little and Il send it over to you to reevaluate. I generally converse with different faiths and religions just to see if any real new discoveries are found, and then check the original root meaning, based on scriptures quoted and then to share it with knowledgeable people like yourself, for it to be reevaluated for a second time.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Brother I dug up and found one more, check it out carefully with no rush and tell me what you think, I'm on your side in regards to determining if anything makes sense, and it goes like this " The only holy angel other than Gabriel named in the Bible, and the only one called “archangel.” (Jude 9) The first occurrence of the name is in the tenth chapter of Daniel, where Michael is described as “one of the foremost princes” that came to the aid of a lesser angel who was opposed by the “prince of the royal realm of Persia.” Michael was called “the prince of [Daniel’s] people,” “the great prince who is standing in behalf of the sons of [Daniel’s] people.” (Dan. 10:13, 20, 21; 12:1) This points to Michael as the angel who led the Israelites through the wilderness. (Ex. 23:20, 21, 23; 32:34; 33:2) Lending support to this conclusion is the fact that “Michael the archangel had a difference with the Devil and was disputing about Moses’ body.”—Jude 9.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Scriptural evidence indicates that the name Michael applied to God’s Son before he left heaven to become Jesus Christ and also after his return. Michael is the only one said to be the “archangel,” meaning “chief angel” or “principal angel.” The term occurs in the Bible only in the singular. This seems to imply that there is but one whom God has designated chief or head of the angelic host. At 1 Thessalonians 4:16 the voice of the resurrected Lord Jesus Christ is described as being that of an archangel, suggesting that he is, in fact, himself the archangel. This text depicts him as descending from heaven with a “commanding call.” It is only logical, therefore, that the voice expressing this commanding call be described by a word that would not diminish or detract from the great authority that Christ Jesus now has as King of kings and Lord of lords. (Matt. 28:18; Rev. 17:14) If the designation “archangel” applied, not to Jesus Christ, but to other angels, then the reference to an “archangel’s voice” would not be appropriate. In that case it would be describing a voice of lesser authority than that of the Son of God.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">There are also other correspondences establishing that Michael is actually the Son of God. Daniel, after making the first reference to Michael (10:13), recorded a long-range prophecy reaching down to “the time of the end” (11:40), and then stated: “And during that time Michael will stand up” (12:1), that is, will take up power or begin to reign as king. (Compare Daniel 8:22, 23; 11:2, 3, 7, 20, 21.) This implies that a period of being seated preceded his standing up as king. In agreement therewith Hebrews 10:12, 13 says regarding Christ Jesus: “This man offered one sacrifice for sins perpetually and sat down at the right hand of God, from then on awaiting until his enemies should be placed as a stool for his feet.” Michael’s standing up was to lead to a “time of distress such as has not been made to occur since there came to be a nation until that time.”—Dan. 12:1.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The book of Revelation (12:7, 10, 12) mentions Michael in connection with the establishment of God’s kingdom and links this event with trouble for the earth: “And war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels battled with the dragon, and the dragon and its angels battled. And I heard a loud voice in heaven say: ‘Now have come to pass the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Christ, because the accuser of our brothers has been hurled down, . . . On this account be glad, you heavens and you who reside in them! Woe for the earth and for the sea.’” Jesus Christ is later depicted as leading the heavenly armies in war against the nations of the earth. (Rev. 19:11-16) This would mean a period of distress for them.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now we have seen on the Jehovah Witnesses web site why they believe Jesus pre-existed as Michael the Angel, including some comments of their's, lets now examine if their claims are Biblical.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1) Jehovah Witnesses say:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Michael, referred to by some religions as “Saint Michael,” is evidently a name given to Jesus before and after his life on earth.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The truth is, I do not know of any teachings in the whole of the Bible saying or teaching Jesus is <span style="color: #01ffff;">“Saint Michael,”</span> or is evidently a name given to Jesus before and after his life on earth.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact, I hope to see the Jehovah Witnesses on their door to door rounds' when they visit next, and I will kindly ask them for this verse saying (Jesus was also called Saint Michael).</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, while writing this article, the Jehovah Witnesses turned up, and my eyes nearly popped out of my head.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So I was able to ask two of the men: where is Jesus called “Saint Michael,” or Michael the Archangel?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Instead of an answer, they scratch their heads, and changed the subject.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus name was also <span style="color: #01ffff;">“Saint Michael,” </span>and pre-existed His flesh as Michael the Archangel, why then are there NO such teachings throughout the whole Bible saying so.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Where did Jesus Himself identify Himself as Michael the Archangel, or some kind of Spirit being before He was Begotten, or even as many believe was GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">From my own study and research, I discovered how Jesus always IDENTIFIED Himself.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Can we have a look at a perfect example seen in Revelation 22:16.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you about these things for the churches. I am the (root) and the <b>(descendant)</b> of David, the bright morning star.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice, how there is nothing said by Jesus calling Himself Michael the Angel, or a pre- existing being.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But notice instead how Jesus sent His Angel, to identify Himself as Jesus: <span style="color: red;">16 “I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you about these things for the churches.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Also, if Jesus pre-existed as Michael the Angel, how then could Jesus be the descendant of David?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice the Greek word<span style="color: red;"> ῥίζα</span> for<span style="color: red;"> (root),</span> and <span style="color: red;">γένος (offspring).</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Revelation 22:16 .</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxf36_8mBHBl3fQJN2Fv7NjS9YaJMzzMJMWY6PqgX2Gp3GZnp5ik1L7CXzPl4zxU04fFnWBjMlvrLWrDrL42Q7-RvI7YOkFWnsJq5c5Z9vvIRigQHEhqv5-vO0l0BXDnxx0HXuhk8TW-vdZFy1AzIxPGpQ1EfSuX0vBh5jgCy0mxpd2wHfWV3I1EZB1g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 22:16" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="1067" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjxf36_8mBHBl3fQJN2Fv7NjS9YaJMzzMJMWY6PqgX2Gp3GZnp5ik1L7CXzPl4zxU04fFnWBjMlvrLWrDrL42Q7-RvI7YOkFWnsJq5c5Z9vvIRigQHEhqv5-vO0l0BXDnxx0HXuhk8TW-vdZFy1AzIxPGpQ1EfSuX0vBh5jgCy0mxpd2wHfWV3I1EZB1g=w640-h448" title="Revelation 22:16" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br />As we saw, there is nothing by Jesus saying He is, or was, an Angel, but instead IDENTIFIES Himself through His Angel saying: He is "Jesus" and that He is: <span style="color: red;"><b>the (root) and the (descendant) of David, the bright morning star.”</b></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, I get things wrong, being a man, so lets continue by seeing and looking at many other great titles of Jesus, because we know for sure how Jesus was always clearly IDENTIFIED, and there we may see if there are any indications of Jesus being called Michael the Archangel, or if He could be some kind of Spirit being, or a pre-existing Angel, or even if He could be called The ONE TRUE GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>WHO IS JESUS?</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">The Word (OF) God. </span>Revelation 19:13.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice, <b><u>NOT GOD the word, or Michael the Archangel!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: #01ffff;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html">the Word that became flesh John 1:14.</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>NOT GOD who became flesh!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">Jesus,</span> Matthew 1:21, Matthew 1:25, Luke 1:31. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>NOT Yahweh, or the GOD of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, or the ONE TRUE GOD.</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">the Lamb of GOD</span> John 1:29.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>NOT GOD the Lamb.</b></u></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">Savior </span><span>and</span><span style="color: red;"> Christ, </span><span>which</span> means "the Anointed One" and is called Lord, and Messiah Luke 2:11, Matthew 16:16, Matthew 16:20.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>Christ never, ever, means (I am GOD)!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called:</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> the SON of GOD</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> John 10:36, Matthew 16:16, Revelation 2:18.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>NOT GOD the SON!</u></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/who-is-true-and-only-begotten-son-of-god.html"><span style="color: #01ffff;"> the Only Begotten Son of GOD, </span></a>John 1:18, John 3:16.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>GOD IS NOT BEGOTTEN, BUT ALWAYS WAS, PROVING JESUS IS NOT GOD!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: #01ffff;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/10/does-matthew-123-prove-jesus-is-god-as.html"> Immanuel Matthew 1:23.</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Immanuel means GOD was with His people, by, and with, and in His SON.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Which is why </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Immanuel is translated as </span><span style="font-family: arial;">GOD with us. <u style="font-weight: bold;">NOT </u></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;">Immanuel</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: underline;"> is GOD, or Jesus is GOD!</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">the bread of life</span> John 6:35.5. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called:<span style="color: red;"> the living bread that came down from heaven.</span> John 6:51. </span><b style="font-family: arial;"><u>NOT GOD who came down from heaven.</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">the light of the world</span> John 8:23.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: #01ffff;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/01/jesus-son-of-man-proves-he-is-not-god.html"> the Son of Man John 8:28</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>NOT THE GOD MAN, AS GOD IS NOT A MAN, OR THE SON OF MAN:</u></b> 👉</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;"><b><u>God is not a man, that He should lie, or a son of man, </u>👈<u> </u></b>that He should change His mind. Does He speak and not act? Does He promise and not fulfill? </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Numbers 23:19</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">a great prophet </span>Luke 7:16, Deuteronomy 18:15, Matthew 21:11, Luke 2:25, Luke 24:19, John 4:19.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><u><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GOD Almighty is never called a </span><span style="font-family: arial;">prophet, but instead sends His </span><span style="font-family: arial;">prophets, who speaks for GOD!</span></span></u></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">the light of the world.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> John 9:5.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>NOT THE LIGHT OF MAN, WHO IS GOD ALONE John </u></b>1:4.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called: <span style="color: red;">the door,</span> John 10:9.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: red;"> the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.</span> John 10:11.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>GOD DID NOT LAY HIS LIFE DOWN, AS GOD CANNOT DIE, BUT GOD's DIVINE LOVE WAS REVEALED BY GIVING HIS ONLY BEGOTTEN SON John 3:16!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: red;"> the resurrection and the life </span>John 11:25.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><span style="font-family: arial;">NOT THE </span></b></u><u><b><span style="font-family: arial;">CREATOR OF LIFE WHICH IS </span></b></u><u><b><span style="font-family: arial;">GOD ALMIGHTY ALONE BY HIMSELF</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></b></u><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Genesis 1, </u></b></span><u><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Isaiah 44:24, </span></b></u><b style="font-family: arial;"><u>John 1:3, Hebrews 1:10!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">the way, and the truth, and the life</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> John 14:6.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>THIS PROVES JESUS IS NOT GOD BUT THE ONLY WAY TO GOD!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: red;"> the true vine</span> John 15:1.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>NOT GOD WHO CREATED THE VINE!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is called:<span style="color: #01ffff;"> <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2016/11/why-do-trinitarians-use-isaiah-96-to.html">the Messenger of great counsel</a> </span>Isaiah 9:6, in the Greek Septuagint.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><u><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GOD IS NOT A MESSENGER, BUT INSTEAD SENDS HIS </span><span style="font-family: arial;">MESSENGERS AS HE DID WITH JESUS SENDING THE ULTIMATE </span><span style="font-family: arial;">MESSENGER OF HIS WORD!</span></span></b></u></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">the First and the Last </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Revelation 1:18, meaning Jesus is the First from the dead, and the last perfect Adam.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><u><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">BUT GOD IS <span style="color: red;">T</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">he First and the Last,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">meaning the </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Alpha (Α or α) and omega (Ω or ω) the BEGINNING and the END.</span></span></b></u></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He is: <span style="color: red;">the messenger of the church in Smyrna </span>Revelation 2:8</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>GOD IS NOT A MESSENGER, BUT INSTEAD SENDS THE MESSENGERS!</u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called:<span style="color: red;"> the Holy One, the True One,</span> Revelation 3:7, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Jesus is </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the image and radiance of GOD's glory and the exact expression of His substance of His GOD, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Hebrews 1:3, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(Colossians 1:15-23)! <u><b>But Jesus is NOT GOD!</b></u></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">He is called: </span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_27.html" style="font-family: arial;">the faithful and true Witness, the Beginning of God’s creation Revelation 3:14.</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><u><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">NOTE, JESUS IS NOT GOD, BECAUSE HE IS THE FAITHFUL AND TRUE WITNESS OF GOD AND FOR GOD, WHO IS THE BEGINNING OF GOD's NEW CREATION </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Colossians 1:16!</span></span></b></u></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we have seen, there are many GREAT names and Titles for Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So far we have NOT seen a single word saying Jesus is a pre-existing Angel, or that His name is called Saint Michael, or that He is Michael the Archangel, or that He pre-existed as a Spirit being, or that He is called GOD Almighty, which the Jehovah Witnesses agree.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now we have established what Jesus is called, and how Jesus is NOT GOD, and is never called Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Are the clouds starting to clear away? </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lets now read and see what Michael the Archangel is called.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Thayer's Greek Lexicon</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">STRONGS NT 3413: Μιχαήλ</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Μιχαήλ, ὁ (מִיכָאֵל, i. e.<b><u> 'who like God?</u></b>'), Michael, the name of an archangel, who was supposed to be the guardian angel of the Israelites (Daniel 12:1; Daniel 10:13, 21): Jude 1:9; Revelation 12:7. (BB. DD. under the word.)</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Daniel 10:13 Michael is called one of the chief princes.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Jude 1:9 he is called Michael the archangel,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Berean Literal Bible </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">But Michael the archangel, when he was reasoning with the devil, disputing about the body of Moses, did not dare to bring against him a blasphemous judgment, but he said "The Lord rebuke you."</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Revelation 12:7 we read how war broke out in heaven, and Michael and his angels fought against the dragon.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Daniel 12:1 Michael is called the great prince.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And the Strong's Concordance tells us the meaning of prince:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">sar: chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Original Word: שַׂר</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The name of Michael means <span style="color: #04ff00;">"Who is like God?" </span>Original Word: מִיכָאֵל.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Jehovah Witnesses say and believe as Michael means <span style="color: #04ff00;">"Who is like God?"</span> This proves Michael is Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But in (Genesis 1:26-27) we read how Adam and Eve were also created in the image of God, and we know Adam and Eve were NOT angels, and did not pre-exist.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is called The Only Begotten SON of GOD John 1:18, John 3:16,.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Michael the Archangel is never called Begotten Son.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The HELPS Word-studies tells us the name<span style="color: red;"> Iēsoús – Jesus,</span> is the transliteration of the Hebrew term, 3091 /Lṓt <span style="color: red;">("Yehoshua"/Jehoshua,</span> contracted to<span style="color: red;"> "Joshua")</span> which means <span style="color: red;">"Yahweh saves" (or "Yahweh is salvation").</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also know the name of Michael the Archangel, does not have the same meaning as Jesus name, saying: <span style="color: red;">"Yahweh saves" (or "Yahweh is salvation").</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We now move to the Biblical facts revealing how Jesus could not possibly be Michael the Archangel, simply because the Biblical facts prove Jesus did NOT pre -exist His flesh, as we will see!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice in Hebrews 1:1 what we read:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">God, having spoken long ago to our fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Did you notice how we do not read GOD having spoken long ago to our fathers BY or THROUGH Jesus?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus is not mentioned until His arrival in Hebrews 1:2👉<span style="color: red;"> <u><b>in these last days</b></u>👈 has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, <b>and through whom He made the👉 ages.👈</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Hebrews 1:2 agrees with when Jesus was Begotten as flesh in John 1:14, Matthew 1;18 <span style="color: red;">Now the birth of Jesus Christ came about in this way: His mother Mary, having been pledged to Joseph, before their coming together, was found holding in womb through the Holy Spirit.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Jehovah Witnesses use their own translation of Hebrews 1:2 saying: <span style="color: #04ff00;">has at the end of these days+ spoken to us by means of a Son,+ whom he appointed heir of all things,+ and through whom he made+ the systems of things.* </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Jehovah Witnesses site John 1:3, 1 Corinthians 8:6, and Colossians 1:16, to support their faith that GOD created all things through a pre-existing Christ.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">However, please see my article <a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_6.html"><span style="color: #01ffff;">here</span></a> or below on </span><span style="font-family: arial;">John 1:3, and Colossians 1:16.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Their own translations of Hebrews 1:2, do not say what the Greek translations says. but the correct translations say in the Berean Literal Bible: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, and through whom He made the 👉<b>(ages)</b>.👈</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice:<span style="color: red;"> and through whom He made the 👉<b>(ages)</b>.👈</span>This does NOT mean the UNIVERSE or WORLDS, as the Jehovah Witnesses seem to misunderstand.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1:2 also confirms GOD did not talk THROUGH His Son Jesus until Jesus started His ministry after He was BORN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read 👉 <span style="color: red;">in these last days 👈has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, and through whom He made 👉 the ages.👈</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLDfo3K9f9pKy9noNrgjxXOavEeu1Uy9P06XETwGMi3oo1VAUXu9kK7W9O37fQuhI6dhex9aqP88UYzww-FZskqC2v4gWyww3XqzTeLs5VVrwh2HUDarOWPsBfz0adaMaeE76UKrLIWB3sKF2fB_48uTq5hh9c4KAX0sMUj3DheQXif3n2WRlt0itJyQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hebrews 1:2" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="640" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLDfo3K9f9pKy9noNrgjxXOavEeu1Uy9P06XETwGMi3oo1VAUXu9kK7W9O37fQuhI6dhex9aqP88UYzww-FZskqC2v4gWyww3XqzTeLs5VVrwh2HUDarOWPsBfz0adaMaeE76UKrLIWB3sKF2fB_48uTq5hh9c4KAX0sMUj3DheQXif3n2WRlt0itJyQ=w640-h84" title="Hebrews 1:2" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Notice also the correct word at the end of the verse saying </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">AGES</span><span style="font-family: arial;">, meaning a space of time, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">an AGE,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> a time period from when Jesus was preaching, hence, 👉</span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">in these last days,👈</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> and when Jesus was appointed heir of all things, as Jesus tells us in Matthew 28:1, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">And having come to them, Jesus spoke to them, saying, "All authority in heaven and on the earth has been given to Me.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We must be a Berean Jew and be sure not to believe everything we read, as most Trinitarians believe what they read, who do not examine or search for the correct translations and therefore are deceived. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/02/the-false-trinitarian-translation-of.html">Hebrews 1:2 FALSE Trinitarian translations</a></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuo2-otwhwH_6h54n7Nkflm2jZlzQAcYs6VDTxPK0yF_epwraIc8TETINq0RlqZ3icgMVOU2EzhJQ362iluRtPy02Fl--9YwAzNjG8RSk-lSWmcwmwtP3Cnal_kgMQOPBLdLj2PEu6qbHvfRyO55CBKLyyiBSt6BGSqnQ9VVxhXI10sxhSRNYJps5jCA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Hebrews 1:2:" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="640" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuo2-otwhwH_6h54n7Nkflm2jZlzQAcYs6VDTxPK0yF_epwraIc8TETINq0RlqZ3icgMVOU2EzhJQ362iluRtPy02Fl--9YwAzNjG8RSk-lSWmcwmwtP3Cnal_kgMQOPBLdLj2PEu6qbHvfRyO55CBKLyyiBSt6BGSqnQ9VVxhXI10sxhSRNYJps5jCA=w640-h470" title="The false translation of Hebrews 1:2:" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /><span>Therefore when you seek you will find said Jesus Matthew 7:7 and you will be above most Trinitarians and you will do yourself a great favour by overcoming the enemy's deceptions by coming to know the many false Trinitarian translations throughout the Bible, just like the many false translations of Hebrews 1:2 saying WORLDS, or UNIVERSE deceiving millions into believing GOD created the WORLD, or UNIVERSE through Jesus, therefore deceiving millions into believing Jesus was PRE-HUMAN by PRE-EXISTING His flesh, which makes yet again another FALSE CHRIST, and NOT the HUMAN true Christ.</span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjINpnJ4i0by1lv_J9EN81jwgBDv1GQYIUHpVaMDAQVuam7vcRMDd6l4R_Swyv1MFVJ7T_E0d288qqumBeBxRPnfMlgJyqPcNjoCy_aO_pXK4Nlks7YjINgcfsUx1rVzBZ47vuw1B0xGarfebfeHltH8O3v5LqGjd1IVbl9KW_T-ojP_2ZuEgBBl6H-Bw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hebrews 1:2" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="640" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjINpnJ4i0by1lv_J9EN81jwgBDv1GQYIUHpVaMDAQVuam7vcRMDd6l4R_Swyv1MFVJ7T_E0d288qqumBeBxRPnfMlgJyqPcNjoCy_aO_pXK4Nlks7YjINgcfsUx1rVzBZ47vuw1B0xGarfebfeHltH8O3v5LqGjd1IVbl9KW_T-ojP_2ZuEgBBl6H-Bw=w640-h420" title="Hebrews 1:2 false translations, (WORLD)." width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Proverbs 8:1</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Doesn't wisdom cry out? Doesn't understanding raise (her) voice? </b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Many believe Proverbs 8:22 onwards is about Jesus especially the Jehovah Witnesses, and yet WISDOM is depicted as a SHE, and a FEMALE, yet Jesus is a MALE and not a SHE.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also see in 1 Corinthians 1:30 how Jesus was made unto us wisdom from God, and not that Jesus was already the wisdom from God.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">But out of Him, you are in Christ Jesus,<u><b> who has been made unto us wisdom from God,</b></u> and righteousness and sanctification and redemption, </span>1 Corinthians 1:30.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact many translations say Jesus BECAME to us wisdom from God, again NOT that Jesus was always the wisdom from God, as we would expect to read if Jesus was pre-existing as GOD's MEDIATOR in heaven before He was BORN, or was the great Michael The Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">English Standard Version</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And because of him you are in Christ Jesus, who became to us wisdom from God, righteousness and sanctification and redemption,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Most Christians especially the Jehovah witnesses believe Proverbs 8:30 is about Jesus being with GOD before all creation:<span style="color: red;"> then I was the craftsman by his side. I was a delight day by day, always rejoicing before him.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Not understanding by believing Proverbs 8:30 is about Jesus they are CONTRADICTING what GOD Himself said that He ALONE, BY HIMSELF created all things and never says anything about Jesus being WITH HIM by His side as we read in Isaiah 44:24, which on its own, proves Jesus was NOT WITH GOD before all creation:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Thus says Yahweh, your Redeemer, and he who formed you from the womb: "I am Yahweh, who makes all things; 👉who alone👈 stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth by 👉<b>myself.👈</b></span><span style="font-family: arial;">World English Bible </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Isaiah 44:24.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"></span></p><div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYkh7Qg_4PUi1lqvJFzZScpAygeCyr61nJneOh0EwUI-fhHTfUO3SO7_6UqO5y_wZjB5hKzcTzsyWuMDhc9kJPw665I6rwpJ1NHLXeSmHih02N75cN0pstvpH0fhqInh_vJul8n6bQEKSX/s1600/Isaiah+44%253A24.+GOD+is+GOD+ALONE..png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Isaiah 44:24" border="0" height="108" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-Yu7quG5LKTw%2FXozQKzjnQ2I%2FAAAAAAAAI30%2FzsRqV8NLmZwf7QbsyGsAmujPJkIFyJrPQCPcBGAYYCw%2Fs640%2FIsaiah%252B44%25253A24.%252BGOD%252Bis%252BGOD%252BALONE..png&t=1676802266&ymreqid=9eba0db4-e946-ba9f-2f2c-5a001401e100&sig=aCjgWP7yKc7DQNWwKqL6.Q--~D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); padding: 8px; position: relative; visibility: visible;" title="Isaiah 44:24 God is God alone." width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqRCw7koibznvBsW40f02CZX_x6yIvS6YNOVMD6jNEkS5v7LXyJwgiddoWu8o8U_V4gJV5wGNGSK2gzw7jcOBAtD_EizRrFUc_e19k3RX7iczhd8i7UXCf6_KYzt2LBVJ4PHbXBKr59Bk_/s1600/Isaiah+45%253A12..png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Isaiah 45:12" border="0" height="80" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-9aQVravh-Rk%2FXotN5AQYqpI%2FAAAAAAAAI28%2Fr-P6tK0A3xQZfsmYXYLjaLfcsYQHDVRwQCPcBGAYYCw%2Fs640%2FIsaiah%252B45%25253A12..png&t=1676802266&ymreqid=9eba0db4-e946-ba9f-2f2c-5a001401e100&sig=HY_oRafnL6oy4vFFesWFOA--~D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); padding: 8px; position: relative; visibility: visible;" title="Isaiah 45:12" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv3995356259separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkz6XriVP2UcJpUTAWxFK1J3Khqkqosfy-0p3mlN3Apt4Vcnz5muBNM9OfHfvcRPdohACcHuPoTXWERsVsAoBr_xfEwb6JlL6rtS0HzP78F20EVQEAxRiYbwPdYO2Kc4vyRSrbgKRZnHHS/s1600/Isaiah+37%253A16.+.png" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img alt="Isaiah 37:16" border="0" height="98" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-JRBn5f5Ey4E%2FXozQX3mCVhI%2FAAAAAAAAI34%2FeO6tMF77bdw9XGDLgixURHj0QA4A9MiOwCPcBGAYYCw%2Fs640%2FIsaiah%252B37%25253A16.%252B.png&t=1676802266&ymreqid=9eba0db4-e946-ba9f-2f2c-5a001401e100&sig=hdiogllAACSOANoPFwgymw--~D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(255, 0, 255); padding: 8px; position: relative; visibility: visible;" title="Isaiah 37:16 God alone created all things." width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Isaiah 37:16</span></div><div class="yiv3995356259reg"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;">Please see my article: </span><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Proverbs 8:22 -30!</span></a></span></div></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">To say and believe GOD created ALL THINGS through Jesus, is to CONTRADICT what GOD says, just as the Jehovah Witnesses do over, and over again.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And how about this?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus was Michael the Archangel before Jesus was born as a MAN, that would mean GOD created ALL things THROUGH Michael the Archangel, which is according to what the Jehovah Witnesses say, believe and teach.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And yet there are NO such teachings in the whole bible saying GOD created all things through Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact the word of GOD tells us how the Angels were created by GOD, agreeing with Isaiah 44:24: saying how GOD: <span style="color: red;">ALONE stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth BY MYSELF. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And if we read about Michael the Archangel, we discover Michael is the chief prince of Angels.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, Jesus is not called the chief prince, and if we turn to Revelation 19:16 we see how Jesus has another Title and a greater name that Michael the Archangel does not have saying: <span style="color: red;">He (Jesus) has a name having been written upon the robe and upon His thigh: <b><u>King of Kings and Lord of Lords.</u></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There is also a question, and that question is, can Angels DIE? </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well the answer is NO, Holy Angels cannot DIE.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus was Michael the Archangel, how then did Jesus DIE, when Holy Angels cannot DIE? </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">True Christians must believe Jesus died, and rose from the dead to be saved: </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Thessalonians 4:14 <span style="color: red;">For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, we also believe that God will bring with Jesus those who have fallen asleep in Him.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Romans 10:8 <span style="color: red;">But what does it say? “The word is near you, in your mouth, and in your heart.” That is, the word of faith which we proclaim, <u><b>9 that if you confess with your mouth, “Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your heart that God raised Him out from the dead, you will be saved.</b></u> 10 For in the heart is belief unto righteousness, and in the mouth is confession unto salvation.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">11 For the Scripture says, “Everyone believing on Him will not be put to shame.” 12 For there is no difference between Jew and Greek; for the same Lord of all is rich toward all those calling Him, 13 for, “Whoever shall call upon the name of the Lord will be saved.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Angels are Sons of GOD. However, the great difference is that Jesus is the Only Begotten SON of GOD John 1:18, John 3:16.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus also came into existence in the womb of Mary, well AFTER GOD had created the Angles as written in Hebrews 1:5 <span style="color: red;">For to which of the angels did He ever say: “You are my Son;<b> 👉today I have begotten You”?👈</b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span>Notice: Hebrews 1:5 </span><span style="color: red;">For to which of the angels did He ever say: “You are my Son;</span><b style="color: red;"> 👉today I have begotten You”?👈</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In other words there is NO SON like GODS Only Begotten SON the Christ Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact the whole of Hebrews 1:1 to 14 proves Jesus was not an Angel, but is much superior to the angels of GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Supremacy of the Son</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Colossians 1:15-23)</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 God, having spoken long ago to our fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, 2 in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, and through whom He made the ages, 3 who, being the radiance of His glory and the exact expression of His substance, and upholding all things by the power of His word, through having made the purification of sins, sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high, 4 having become by so much superior to the angels, as much as He has inherited a name more excellent beyond theirs.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">5 For to which of the angels did He ever say:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“You are my Son;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">today I have begotten You”?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And again:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“I will be to Him for a Father,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and He will be to Me for a Son”?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">6 And again, when He brings the Firstborn into the world, He says:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u><b>“And let all God’s angels worship Him.”</b></u></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please notice there, how Angels worship Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">7 And indeed as to the angels He says:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“The One making His angels winds,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and His ministers a flame of fire.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">8 But unto the Son:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“Your throne, O God, is to the age of the age,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and the scepter of righteousness is the scepter of Your kingdom.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">9 You have loved righteousness and have hated wickedness;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">because of this, God, Your God,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">has anointed You with the oil of exultation</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">above Your companions.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">10 And: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">“You, Lord, laid the foundation of the earth in the beginning, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">and the heavens are works of Your hands.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please notice there how we read a single being for the Lord GOD on His own has laid the foundations of the earth in the beginning, <span style="color: red;">and the heavens are works of Your hands. </span>Notice 👉<span style="color: red;">(Your hands),👈</span> agreeing with Isaiah 44:24: saying how GOD:<span style="color: red;"> ALONE stretches out the heavens; who spreads out the earth 👉BY MYSELF.👈</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice Jesus is NOT there, as the Jehovah Witnesses wrongly say and believe, by them saying and believing GOD created all things through Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">11 They will perish but You remain;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and all will grow old like a garment;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">12 and like a robe You will roll them up,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and like a garment they will be changed;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">but You are the same,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">and Your years will never end.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">13 Now to which of the angels did He ever say:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“Sit at My right hand,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">until I may place Your enemies as a footstool for Your feet”?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Notice: 13 Now to which of the angels did He ever say:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“Sit at My right hand,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">In other words Jesus is NOT an Angel, because GOD did NOT say this to ANY Angel, except GOD's only Begotten SON the Christ Jesus.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">14 Are they not all ministering spirits, being sent forth for service for the sake of those being about to inherit salvation?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We now move forward to my next witness proving Jesus is NOT Michael the Archangel </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Philippians 2:9 tells us: </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;">Therefore God also highly exalted Him, and granted to Him the name above every name,</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now here is something to seriously think about, for the Jehovah Witnesses.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Michael the Archangel is and was already a “Mighty chief prince” above all Angels, who protects the people of Israel </span><span style="font-family: arial;">In Daniel 10:21.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Why would GOD need to highly exalt Jesus, and grant to Him the name above every name, if Jesus were already a “Mighty chief prince” above all Angels in the beginning?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Philippians 2:9 tells us how Jesus was highly exalted by GOD and was given the name above every name, and creature.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The fact Jesus was highly exalted by GOD and was given the name above every name, is proof that Jesus was NOT Michael the Archangel who was already a “Mighty chief prince” above all Angels.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">May we now turn to Ephesians 1</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Spiritual Wisdom</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">15 Because of this, I also, having heard of the faith in the Lord Jesus among you, and the love toward all the saints, 16 do not cease giving thanks for you, making mention in my prayers, 17 that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give to you a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Him, 18 the eyes your of heart being enlightened, in order for you to know what is the hope of His calling, what are the riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints, 19 and what is the surpassing greatness of His power toward us believing according to the working of the power of His might, 20 which He worked in Christ, having raised Him out from the dead, and having set Him at His right hand in the heavenly realms, 21 above every principality and authority and power and dominion, and every name being named, not only in this age, but also in the one coming. 22 And He put all things under His feet and gave Him to be head over all things to the church, 23 which is His body, the fullness of the One filling all in all.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Again we read how GOD has set Jesus at His right hand in the heavenly realms, above every principality and authority and power and dominion, and every name. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Well, according to the Jehovah Witnesses, Jesus is already Michael the Archangel, and Michael the Archangel is a “Mighty chief prince” above all Angels, so WHY would GOD set Jesus at His right hand in the heavenly realms, above every principality and authority and power and dominion, and every name, if Jesus was already ABOVE everyone else?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Ephesians 1, proves Jesus was NOT as high as Michael the Archangel, but because Jesus did the Father's will and overcome all trials as a MAN, He was therefore given by GOD <span style="color: red;">"All authority in heaven and on the earth</span> Matthew 28:18.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus was Michael the Archangel, that would mean Angels are worshiping another Angel, and yet I don't know of any such teachings in the Holy Bible, saying angels are to worship Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There are also NO such teachings in the Bible saying we humans are to worship Angels.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact in Revelation 22:8,9, we read how John was told NOT to worship the Angel: </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">8 And I, John, am the one hearing and seeing these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel showing these things me. 9 And he says to me, <b><u>“See that you not do this. </u></b>I am your fellow servant, and with your brothers the prophets, and with those keeping the words of this book. Worship God!”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So are the Jehovah Witnesses worshipping an Angel? As the Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus is Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And yet the Angel said to John:<span style="color: red;"> “See that you not do this.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In Philippians 2:10 we read: <span style="color: red;">that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in the heavens and on earth and under the earth.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So as the Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus is Michael the Archangel, this would simply mean the Jehovah Witnesses are doing what the Angel said to John, NOT to do: <span style="color: red;"> “See that you not do this.</span> Revelation 22:9.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We move forward to my next witnesses in Psalm 2:7, Acts 13:33, and Hebrews 1:5.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In all these scriptures, we read how "Begotten today" and "born this day" <b><u>disproves</u></b> Jesus pre-existence. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 5:5</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For to which of the angels did God ever say: "You are My Son; today I have become Your Father"? Or again: "I will be His Father, and He will be My Son"?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The scriptures above confirm how Jesus first came into existence by being BEGOTTEN of His father in the womb of Mary.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:14 The Correct Meaning. <span style="color: red;">And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:14 continues saying: <span style="color: red;">And we beheld His glory, a glory as of an only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice Jesus is: <span style="color: red;">an only begotten from the Father,</span> meaning Jesus was the ONLY BORN/BEGOTTEN, directly Fathered from His GOD and Father.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">To be Begotten means to come into existence, and NOT PRE- EXISTING as most wrongly believe.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 1:14 is simply saying the (word) of Yahweh became a living, walking, physical MAN, called The Word (OF) God in Revelation 19:13 and Yahweh's Begotten Son.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, 👉HAVING BEEN BORN OF A WOMEN,👈 having been born under the Law, </span>Galatians 4:4.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how Jesus first came into existence by <span style="color: red;">HAVING BEEN BORN OF A WOMEN?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please notice how we read in Acts 2:22 saying Jesus was a MAN, and nothing about Jesus being GOD, or an Angel, or some kind of Spirit being BEFORE He was BORN:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, 👉(A MAN)👈 having been set forth by God to you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by Him in your the midst, as you yourselves know. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice in John 8:40 how Jesus Himself confirms He is (A MAN) and says nothing about Himself being GOD, or an Angel, or some kind of Spirit being BEFORE He was BORN:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> But now you seek to kill Me,👉 (A MAN)👈 who has spoken to you the truth that I heard from God. Abraham did not do this.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Romans 1:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, set apart for the Good News of God, 2 which he promised before through his prophets in the holy Scriptures, 3 concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh, 4 who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, 5 through whom we received grace and apostleship, for obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name's sake; 6 among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how Paul tells us that Jesus: <span style="color: red;">was BORN of the seed of David according to the flesh,</span> who was declared to be the Son of God, in line with what Jesus tells us in John 10:36 saying<span style="color: red;"> I am the Son of GOD.</span> NOT GOD, or an Angel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how we do NOT read Paul saying Jesus PRE-EXISTED his flesh before David?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But instead we read Paul saying Jesus comes into existence by the seed of David according to the flesh, in line with John 1:14 saying the word of GOD became FLESH, as the SON of MAN Jesus.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">NOWHERE is it written that Jesus was already alive with GOD in heaven and was transformed into the BABY Jesus, unless you are reading the many false modern Bible translations.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus did speak figuratively by saying He came down from Heaven and simply meant He came from GOD as GOD is in heaven, just as Jesus tells us in Matthew 6:9 saying: <span style="color: red;">Therefore pray you like this: 'Our Father (IN THE HEAVENS), hallowed be Your name!</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Just as James 1:17 tells us:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom can be no variation, nor turning shadow.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We continue with scriptures confirming when Jesus first comes into existence:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 9:26</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Otherwise it was necessary for Him to have suffered repeatedly from the foundation of the world. But now He has been revealed once in the consummation of the ages for the putting away of sin by the sacrifice of Himself.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Please notice in 1 Peter 1:20, how we read Jesus is NOT PRE-EXISTING, but is instead (FOREKNOWN):</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">having been (foreknown) indeed before the foundation of the world, but having been revealed in the last times for the sake of you,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know how Jesus was (FOREKNOWN) in countless Bible prophecies, and in GOD's PLAN, Acts 2:23 <span style="color: red;">Him delivered up by the determinate (PLAN) and (FOREKNOWLEDGE) of God, you put to death, having crucified Him by lawless hands, 24 whom God raised up, having loosed the agony of death, inasmuch as it was not possible for Him to be held by it.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we see, Jesus is <span style="color: red;">(FOREKNOWN),</span> and we don't read Jesus is PRE-EXISTING.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The sincere lovely Jehovah witnesses correctly believe Jesus is NOT GOD, but believe Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh as Michael the Angel, and yet Jesus said nothing about being Michael or an Angel, or did He ever say He was a messenger from God BEFORE He was Begotten from GOD, in the women.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(Jesus)<span style="color: red;"> having become by so much superior to the angels, as much as He has inherited a name more excellent beyond theirs. </span>Hebrews 1:4</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Hebrews 1:5 and 1:6 DEFINES the plain and clear difference between GOD's Mighty Angels not being the SAME as GOD's only Begotten Son Jesus, proving Jesus was NOT Michael or an Angel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">For to which of the angels did He ever say: "You are my Son; today I have begotten You"? And again: "I will be to Him for a Father, and He will be to Me for a Son"?</span> Hebrews 1:5.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The same theme of Jesus being significantly distinguished from GOD's Mighty Angels is repeated again in Hebrews 1:13</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Now to which of the angels did He ever say: "Sit at My right hand, until I may place Your enemies as a footstool for Your feet"?</span> Hebrews 1:13.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Also, notice how the Hebrews writer tells us Jesus was BEGOTTEN AFTER the angles by GOD saying: <span style="color: red;">"You are my Son; today I have begotten You"?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Today I have begotten You, DEBUNKS and expose's the teachings of Jesus PRE-EXISTING His Flesh.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Just as we also read in Acts 13:33 </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">that God has fulfilled this to us their children, having raised up Jesus, as also it has been written in the second psalm: 'You are My Son, 👉(today I have begotten you).'👈</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1:2 also confirms GOD did not talk THROUGH His Son Jesus until Jesus started His ministry after He was BORN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, and through whom He made the ages </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Hebrews 1:2</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice also the correct word at the end of the verse saying AGES, meaning a space of time, an AGE, a time period from when Jesus was preaching, hence, in these last days, and when Jesus was appointed heir of all things, as Jesus tells us in Matthew 28:1, And having come to them, Jesus spoke to them, saying,<span style="color: red;"> "All authority in heaven and on the earth has been given to Me.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">So lets be a Berean Jew and be sure not to believe everything we read, as most Trinitarians do and believe what they read without examining and searching for the correct translations and therefore are deceived. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1:2 FALSE Trinitarian translations</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Therefore when you seek you will find said Jesus Matthew 7:7 and you will be above most Trinitarians and you will do yourself a great favour by overcoming the enemy's deceptions by coming to know the many false Trinitarian translations throughout the Bible, just like the many false translations of Hebrews 1:2 saying WORLDS, or UNIVERSE deceiving millions into believing GOD created the WORLD, or UNIVERSE through Jesus, therefore deceiving millions into believing Jesus was PRE-HUMAN by PRE-EXISTING His flesh, which makes yet again another FALSE CHRIST, and NOT the HUMAN true Christ.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1:2 false translations, (WORLD).</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Non Jehovah witnesses:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There are also millions of sincere Christians who are not Jehovah witnesses who also correctly believe Jesus is not GOD, but have still been deceived into believing in the Trinitarian false teaching as MOST of Christianity believe that Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However as we have just seen the Hebrews writer confirms Jesus was NOT an Angel, and therefore may I please ask, if Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh, WHAT WAS HE?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When was Jesus the (word) of GOD?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">MOST Christians believe Jesus was the (word) of GOD in John 1:1, and yet there is NO verse or teaching in the whole of the old testament saying the (word) of GOD was a second person.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also know the (word) of GOD come's from GOD, which is why John said in John 1:1c: and the (word) was GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">GOD's (word) was always GOD’s divine utterance, expressing His thoughts, plan, message, command purpose and will.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Psalm 33:6 tells us NOTHING about GOD the Father working THROUGH Jesus as a MEDIATOR or Jesus being the (word) of GOD, but INSTEAD tells us the (word) of GOD comes from the breath of GOD's mouth.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">By Yahweh's word, the heavens were made; all their army by the breath of his mouth. </span>Psalm 33:6.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Psalm 33:6 alone proves Jesus was NOT the (word) of GOD, but INSTEAD as John 1:14 tells us Jesus BECAME the word of GOD, just as Jesus became the WISDOM of GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I was one of most DECEIVED into believing that Jesus was the word in John 1:1 and therefore Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">However, I came to the understanding of how John 1:1, 2 and 3 are again FALSE Trinitarian translations, so I thank GOD for sending me a true Bible Scholar Sir Antony Buzzard who I debated nearly everyday for 2 years, who I would not believe, and I was embarrassingly teaching Sir Antony was a false teacher, but I now know He was teaching the truth.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And thanks to countless debates I had with many unitarians, and the thousands of comments I received on my old popular you tube channel now deleted, I was able to eventually after 2 years of being presented with the Biblical facts finally come to the side of truth, putting my hands in the air and repenting and admitting I was wrong, therefore swallowing my PRIDE.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Now I now know Jesus is not in John 1:1, and being WITH GOD in the beginning, so may I ask, where was Jesus in the beginning? </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The simple answer is in 1 Peter 1:20 </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;">having been 👉 <u><b>foreknown</b></u> 👈indeed before the foundation of the world, but having been revealed in the last times for the sake of you,</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how Jesus was <u><b><span style="color: red;">foreknown</span></b></u> by being in the Bible prophecies who was predicted and foretold, but was NOT yet EXISTING.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But where we are told a GREAT saviour and Messiah would be BORN as a MAN, who would save us from our sins, because Jesus was in GODS mind, purpose and plan as precedence, to become the Lamb of GOD, therefore THROUGH Jesus GOD would wonderfully reverse the death penalty on all who take up their cross and follow the true Jesus and forever be saved.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Romans 6:23.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">For God so loved the world that He gave the only begotten Son, so that everyone believing in Him should not perish, but should have eternal life. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">John 3:16.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also see in 1 Corinthians 1:30 how Jesus was made unto us wisdom from God, and not that Jesus was already the wisdom from God.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">But out of Him, you are in Christ Jesus, who has been made unto us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification and redemption,</span> 1 Corinthians 1:30.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In fact many translations say Jesus BECAME to us wisdom from God, again NOT that Jesus was always the wisdom from God, as we would expect to read if Jesus was pre-existing as GOD's MEDIATOR in heaven before He was BORN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">English Standard Version</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And because of him you are in Christ Jesus, who became to us wisdom from God, righteousness and sanctification and redemption,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Most Christians especially the Jehovah witnesses believe Proverbs 8:30 is about Jesus being with GOD before all creation: <span style="color: red;">then I was the craftsman by his side. I was a delight day by day, always rejoicing before him.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Not understand by believing Proverbs 8:30 is about Jesus they are CONTRADICTING what GOD Himself said that He ALONE, BY HIMSELF created all things and never says anything about Jesus being WITH HIM by His side as we read in Isaiah 44:24 which on its own proves Jesus was NOT WITH GOD before all creation:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Literal Bible</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">because He set a day in which He is about to judge the world in righteousness by a man whom He appointed, having provided a guarantee to all, having raised Him out from the dead."</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Acts 17:31.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Timothy 2:5.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Notice how we do NOT read in 1 Timothy 2:5, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">For there is one God, the man Christ Jesus, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(WHO IS GOD or who is THREE)?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus is already GOD, why then do we need to go THROUGH Jesus to get to GOD?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As we read in Acts 17:31 and 1 Timothy 2:5 saying and confirming with what Jesus ONLY ever said that He was a MAN, and nothing about Jesus being GOD, or Jesus PRE-EXISTING His flesh, or Jesus being Michael or an Angel, or some kind of Spirit.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For most of Christianity who believe Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh, may I please ask a serious question?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know Jesus was the second Adam, the perfect Adam, and the last MAN Adam, and as we all know Adam did NOT PRE-EXISTED His flesh.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also know Adam was created from the dust of the earth by GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Genesis 2:7</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We also know Jesus is one of a kind, who was not created from the dust and had no HUMAN Father, but instead came from GOD which is why Jesus said He was GOD's Son John 10:30, but was still BORN in a women making Him a HUMAN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:28 </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I came forth from the Father and have come into the world; again I leave the world and go to the Father."</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And He was saying to them, "You are from below; I am from above. You are of this world; I am not of this world. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 8:23.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The first man was made of dust from the earth, the second man from heaven. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">1 Corinthians 15:47.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus was a MAN who came down from heaven</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">How could Jesus a MAN with flesh and blood live in heaven?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The answer is because Paul as well as Jesus was speaking in allegories:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">I have spoken these things to you in allegories; an hour is coming when I will speak to you no more in allegories, but I will report to you plainly concerning the Father. </span>John 16:25</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">His disciples say, "Behold, now You speak in openness, and You do not speak allegory. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 16:29</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus even confirms to Pilate He was BORN:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 18:37</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Therefore Pilate said to Him, "Then You are a king?" Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king. For this I have been (born), and for this I have come into the world, that I may bear witness to the truth. Everyone being of the truth hears My voice."</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice how there is NOTHING by Jesus saying to Pilate He PRE- EXISTED, or was created BEFORE He was BORN as a MAN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">But we clearly see instead how Jesus confirms to Pilate how He was BORN, which confirms with what John told us in John 1:14, that Jesus was BORN as FLESH who BECAME the living, walking, physical (word) of GOD: </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And the Child continued to grow and become strong, being filled with wisdom. And the grace of God was upon Him.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Luke 2:40</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And Jesus continued to advance in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> Luke 2:52</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Notice HOW Jesus: <span style="color: red;">advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God,</span> when if Jesus was already WITH GOD before all creation or was GOD or a PRE- EXISTING being, Jesus would already HAVE ALL wisdom and stature and would NOT have to advance in wisdom and stature, think about that?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And please think about this?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus PRE-EXISTED BEFORE Adam, then Jesus would NOT be the second MAN Adam, therefore creating Bible contradictions:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">The first man was made of dust from the earth, the second man from heaven.</span> 1 Corinthians 15:47.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">If Jesus PRE-EXISTED His flesh, and was GOD, or was Michael, or was an Angel, or was some kind of Spirit, that would simply mean Jesus was NOT just like the first MAN Adam, if Jesus PRE-EXISTED BEFORE Adam, because a PRE-EXISTING being, would NOT be a MAN just like the first MAN Adam.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When we correctly understand the word of GOD, we correctly understand how there are NO such teachings saying Jesus was alive WITH GOD before all creation, or that Jesus was sent into Mary's womb to be CHANGED from a PRE-EXISTING BEING, into a baby.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">For to which of the angels did He ever say: "You are my Son; today I have begotten You"? And again: "I will be to Him for a Father, and He will be to Me for a Son"? </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hebrews 1:5 </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The PRE-EXISTING Jesus which most of Christianity believe in, is yet again another GREAT fabricated story inspired by false teachers not believing and understanding the true (word) of GOD, who think GOD magically transformed a PRE-EXISTING Jesus, into the second Adam, who would NOT be the second Adam if He PRE-EXISTED before Adam.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Because of those who believe Jesus is GOD manifested in the flesh, correctly understand if Jesus did not PRE-EXIST His flesh, they therefore know Jesus could not possibly be GOD, which destroys the foundations of their own faith.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Instead, most of Christianity are not understanding the true magical part, in that GOD Almighty magically begot, and gave life to the only MAN ever without a HUMAN Father, proving GOD truly was the literal Father of Jesus, and who would be tempted more than all MEN, and who proved to be the only perfect MAN to overcome, who was GOD's beloved Only Begotten Son and chosen servant, and the prophesied Messiah who became the living, walking (word) of the Almighty One True GOD:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">"Behold My servant, whom I have chosen, My beloved, in whom My soul has found delight. I will put My Spirit upon Him, and He will proclaim justice to the Gentiles. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Matthew 12:18 </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And a voice came out of the cloud, saying, "This is My Son, whom I have chosen; listen to Him!" </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Luke 9:35.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We now move to the (unique) WORDS of Job 23:13, GOD is ONE BEING with NO MEDIATOR!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Fasten your seat belts, as I like to save the best part until last. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I will now reveal to you this EXPLOSIVE statement by the prophet of GOD, in Job 23:13. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">DESTROYING ANOTHER TERRIBLE DECEPTION, that Jesus was WITH GOD as our MEDIATOR creating ALL THINGS.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Berean Study Bible</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Nor is there a mediator between us, to lay his hand upon us both. </span>Job 9:33</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We clearly see how Job tells us there is NOT A MEDIATOR, and praying how we need A MEDIATOR, between GOD and MAN, which GOD so wonderfully already had known and planned, before the foundations of the world 1 Peter 1:20:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">He was foreknown before the foundation of the world but was made manifest in the last times for the sake of you.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">By GODS perfect PLAN He had already known He would send His SON Jesus to be born as our perfect High Priest and MEDIATOR:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. who gave himself as a ransom for all, which is the testimony given at the proper time.</span> 1 Timothy 2:5,6. </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The SIMPLE TRUTH is so obvious that Jesus was a MAN, which means Jesus could NOT have been a PRE-HUMAN being or GOD, but is the Literal SON of His ONE TRUE GOD, </span><span style="font-family: arial;">which is the simplest teaching in the whole Bible, and yet MOST cannot understand what </span><span style="font-family: arial;">is so SIMPLE, which is the simplest teaching in the whole Bible: </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><u>We end with Jesus as: <span style="color: red;">The Son of Man.</span></u></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">And He has given Him authority to execute judgment, because He is the Son of Man.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">John 5:27.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Son of Man, is a direct reference to Jesus HUMAN side, as coming from the first MAN ADAM.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When Jesus said so many times He was<span style="color: red;"> (the Son of Man),</span> Jesus was confirming His humanity as a MAN, hence, coming from the first human.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My research proves Jesus was continually making a distinction between Himself as being a HUMAN BEING, and NOT a pre existing being, or GOD.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Conclusion:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">We know Christ means the Anointed One, Messiah, the Chosen one of GOD, who was the Only Begotten of GOD and a MAN.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">There are NO teachings or prophecies saying Michael the Archangel is the chosen one of GOD, who will be transformed into the women's womb and grow as a MAN and be GOD's Messiah.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Names always have a meaning, and Christ never means Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Christ has to be 100% MAN, to be able to sympathise with MANS weaknesses so that He could be the perfect MEDIATOR between GOD and MAN, which could not be possible if Christ were a MIGHTY Angel like Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Jesus also grew in wisdom and knowledge, which would not be the case if Jesus already were a MIGHTY Angel like Michael the Archangel.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My research shows how Christ never, ever means, I am Michael the Archangel, or, I am GOD!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Or is it written Christ means I am Michael the Archangel, or, I am GOD!</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The Jehovah Witnesses correctly and rightly ask Christians, where did GOD say He was Jesus, or where did Jesus say He was GOD?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I ask the Jehovah Witnesses, where did GOD, or Jesus, or the disciples, or anywhere in the Bible say Jesus is or was Michael the Archangel?</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;">From </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Sir Anthony Buzzard, Bt., MA (Oxon.) MA Th. in 1981.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Simon, The best text is in Hebrews “to which of the angels did God EVER say ‘ you are my begotten Son”. So the one thing Jesus cannot be is an angel! Angels are of course created spirits and never came from the womb of a woman. Jesus must be human as per Luke 1:35 and Matt 1:20 “begotten in her” ie fathered in her (Mary)</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">You might find of interest at our <a href="https://focusonthekingdom.org/">focusonthekingdom</a> site the article “If only we had listened to Gabriel.”</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The true Jesus cannot be an angel. Holy angels cannot die! </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Hope this helps,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In hope,</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #04ff00; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Anthony</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span></span></p><!--more--><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">Related articles:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/2XPo43BgdBM" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jehovah's Witnesses" border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="990" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO10zCkw0SXZnq-c3HgYMZKWy1FR115kU3nerj0W0K_v9V2b5foDJvUNDBl8btM5-B1C7BMpcH4VTHk8uRUqnCL8C-8uxXC2KvrYyo-jnlJMiHezdTIOayyE2aJ4bZTppO9k--FQUuJffv13BfweesQUEx-UT47NrzZhCZa6WvV1U3J8Sgn7D2ZM8xqA/w640-h422/Sir%20Anthony%20Buzzard%20debates%20two%20Jehovah's%20Witnesses.png" title="Sir Anthony Buzzard debates two Jehovah's Witnesses" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://youtu.be/2XPo43BgdBM">Sir Anthony Buzzard debates two Jehovah's Witnesses</a></span></div><div style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Proverbs 8:22 - 30!" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiheBVLHCtG3bOb01VbqMlUKfcftRHmOE57k1FhEYbc8xzwjFbFX5gQZcZtCZhWbBLA7g8775C5mnXTXM4piVOKSETA52veyUp4Keu5HdZjalgf7Bga0NlcK0oHHxL4mF-sYtuF62r_dLK4IlRYLCBwQEUIX5naCuTKHXppNHurHG41ZSycEAJIDU50Gg=w640-h360" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Proverbs 8:22 - 30!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_27.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Revelation 3:14!" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="640" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhXaCRy1F63WTlgTZbCTNUXa6VU0bjNjKMVq3ug6oYzUvKF-IKm4yEVZj4cYMUpEa9L5W5DAA-0dy-OQLW0oHFP-7ckiPTGyKiqekZs9ZYhvYvVjjsI0E5RDq0uj6a1pJnQM0PdbXvfyqyj4RxQdU1-eMyKRdCwv8_J7-11CxYEgFeuFF9boq02DDoYQ/w640-h362/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20Revelation%203%EF%80%A214!.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Revelation 3:14!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching_16.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Colossians 1:16!" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="640" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Zncy59gOfu5exPxIXOkTpKR8sFBMxIadjhm7Np6Q-VcmDR7PsASf39QGPtQYd_a3-aIcfQo1cQbkAES2bQKtCntRkrg-T-fygfC0XtojKsEhm9KgiHjOSJJXhp-K_t0gSPdiH7BiJZ-5McGfXiun4o7VcgLBOd4aZseZs5naakbs9VjOhQ9sq2n2qw/w640-h364/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A216!%20.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:16!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-jehovahs-witnesses-wrong-teaching.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Colossians 1:15!" border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="640" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rES3IPYyPk5hrVCE8HTo4xB_qz8-GJnIjJHVil4U97XjmkpXbc9bdSnAgk9yZlzqnkPPq8Cyly6J5TyvPYG8Pa8F_FmqxMPmRiTf1-2PenAyTJ48EFUQS1PjHw3t-fQHw3OO31kX_hJFfC4pNyLfYlpgVQOUS9UtNnlWkrHLkDe-k6aIC-Qv5nnx6w/w640-h364/The%20Jehovah%E2%80%99s%20Witnesses%20Wrong%20Teaching%20of%20Colossians%201%EF%80%A215!.png" title="The Jehovah’s Witnesses Wrong Teaching of Colossians 1:15!" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2021/01/who-is-true-and-only-begotten-son-of-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="640" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvnH3zspWbYKYepqTuheXsXC_P86AEMjpsT2LHrOHnzZ8KQU12bcy40D_DJ4oSU8U1zaHY5n26KIjX1DA8TA9T7CeWTkjI1fCAAgRBXTh9mz0qgCYYEmpEXZIDTtqX-crENYExf9UzmRG2/w640-h358/WHO+IS+THE+TRUE+AND+ONLY+BEGOTTEN+SON+OF+GOD..jpg" title="WHO IS THE TRUE AND ONLY BEGOTTEN SON OF GOD?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/06/john-840-false-trinitarian-translations.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 8:40" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXmkpVfkm96Xmnzwdl9DOXJYnI1_77fbptDLpxQdWTnojZmZ1uGReY-A84zcyUQPPvgZYhWD6n9Y6X-TEHFB8QgaDe1uvx9YhWXGeQZH7GxiWFhLOsEUl_r0sGjZv25L73t8ZOogB67I-H/w640-h360/John+8-40..jpg" title="John 8:40 The FALSE Trinitarian Translations, And MORE Biblical Facts Jesus Did NOT PRE-EXIST His Flesh." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/03/and-great-dragon-was-thrown-out-ancient.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="John 6:38." border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIYmA8ZdnYiFCXCmeBTeC3PMpJVGvmCAbFcxwV7L_atFsbSC-N0kOZIeBvP3AjZDNLIRY2fTdGLQ-bmdMUp4LgH2lgc7OkoRhBHwIEZjXw8dU9szLnMKeDr-6xf2OIttFwwP4Marp9waLq/w640-h360/john+6-38...jpg" title="John 6:38. How Did Jesus COME DOWN From Heaven If He Did NOT PRE-EXIST His flesh?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/03/hebrews-11-and-2-proves-jesus-did-not.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="HEBREWS 1:1" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="640" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNX1Oqy9QdFqlQ5sg2zn9Mb3zhcIo_nlJy0i8yKC7xVz-A9QtaO0h0zp72g1Rl_C8-aR7YNyzfSDQ8fbOmA8QpP45FDdSJLIFIYqqESTGYuG43XfO51KR2YHoE3txmrZzd1voov5_iB4G7/w640-h398/Hebrews+1%253A1%252C+and+1%253A2%252C+PROVES+Jesus+DID+NOT+PR-+EXIST+His+flesh%2521.png" title="HEBREWS 1:1 and 1:2 PROVES JESUS DID NOT PRE-EXIST HIS FLESH." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2020/01/jesus-son-of-man-proves-he-is-not-god.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jesus (The SON of MAN)" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16YIOPD54ewmhRo_fRHASgTNqjMB2Myuz0ulSulLms6eS5SHXECFgaDwd3zNlWqSUqtFUCEEMcl_6nQ9gsCtz49uaL4pCdtoSM26xlkbKHwzzTuUg1L0ghHoyCfSBGdj8LR0iYPmuv2pG/w640-h360/+Jesus+the+SON+of+MAN+proves+He+is+not+GOD%252C.jpg" title="Jesus (The SON of MAN) proves He is not GOD. By Simon Brown." width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/11/question-did-god-send-preexisting-jesus.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="a PREEXISTING Jesus" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEXjRhgC5UO0CiL7CGM_O6TWhuSS7WxEYJWCNO4n3uv1h85AScdZXh6vJZKpBojpBnVbs6i2RpNBjqxAMVi6YZGFnHAXFT78twatd0AuD9nD59-0vI3eG2-1SNHahavx6dMaVv-9WRA-dC/w640-h360/+Question++DID+GOD+send+a+PREEXISTING+SON.jpg" title="Question? DID GOD send a PREEXISTING Jesus?" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://wwwrealdiscoveriesorg-simon.blogspot.com/2019/08/is-word-jesus-in-john-11.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="IS THE WORD JESUS IN JOHN 1:1?" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjELqF02cR90x90wRHi1wZbuhXWZV6l3tMA9V_2ZPhXQev9CJEPF5UhVBX9qe8KDKF0Y7ZSFc3cArDRYYEKpQOFDss_aixL5LfZo-p4zELo7BXIWiZuo0HAJKKGR6EL_SNkNJIL7Yl_Inns/w640-h360/When+Was+The+%2528word%2529+of+GOD+A+Second+Person.gif" title="IS THE WORD JESUS IN JOHN 1:1?" width="640" /></a></div>Simon Brown.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16391774756580677275noreply@blogger.com0